Eating and ‘preparing’ foods that require no art whatsoever in making

It is definitely true that our society has become accustomed to eating and ‘preparing' foods that require no art whatsoever in making. Canned goods and microwave products are rampant in today's everyday menu. The reason for this, I believe, lies in the characteristic of this generation of being unwilling to learn anything difficult or time-consuming. Art unquestionably comes from things that take time and require effort: sculptures that take weeks to finish, movies that take months to film and hundreds of people to accomplish, and poems that ask for concentration, time, and effort.People nowadays want to learn things quickly, finish objectives within eight hours, and forget about them in less time. They want their food delivered in less than half an hour. They want massages in under half an hour. In fact most of the services today can be taken out or delivered. Taking time and effort to learn, master, and perfect things are no longer of interest to most of us. To add on to this already non-conducive situation of quick surface learning, poverty fans the flame of the lost tradition of home cooking.Although a long and artful process of preparing food is ideal and very high-culture, most people simply do not have the luxury of cooking such fancy and multi-ingredient meals. Most of the population, classified as low income families, has to make do with meals that are simply fried and not really ‘cooked' as much as they are heated. These over-processed foods are quick to prepare and simple, such that they lower the costs of a family. The effect of this is very bad for our culture.The rich heritage of unique methods and ingredients of cooking are lost due to lack of motivation and lack of financial capability. I agree with this. There can be no doubt as to the reality of the slow dying of the tradition of cooking within a family. Most families share these throughout generations via the practice of cooking meals together and transferring their knowledge. How ever, due to the younger generations' lack of interest in anything artful and effortful such as cooking, this transference is being impeded and ultimately ended.Less and less people inherit their family's unique recipes and family dishes. Also it is clear that poverty does play a role in limiting a family's participation in cooking tradition. Baking for example is a very expensive activity and only those who have the luxury of eating pricey desserts engage in it. However, I believe that time also plays a role in the death of the cooking tradition. Families seem to hold less and less time together (another cultural issue altogether) and one of the first things that suffer from this is the time spent preparing, cooking, and eating dinner together.

History of Country Music

Velvet Stalnaker UNV 104 January 7, 2012 Professor Salcido History of Southern Music Southern music is now called country music and is popular in many different places. It is for people from all walks of life. But, when we look at country music today and from years ago is it the same? , When did it become popular? and , How has the music changed over the years? Southern music known today as country music became popular in the 1920’s. This was music that was based on folk music of cowboys in the southeast (Collins English Dictionary, 2003). In most of the early music the artist played stringed instruments like fiddles, guitars, banjos and some were even playing harmonicas. When this type of music started some people called it â€Å"hillbilly music† (Tower, 2000). Country music is in my opinion soothing and tells a story. Immigrants came to this world over 300 years ago playing and listening to what they called old world music. Most of the people that were playing this music were playing banjos and guitars. Southern music is still used today in churches all over the world it is called southern gospel. This type of music is used in funerals and also celebrations all over the world. Most people think this type of music is all about people crying about their lives. Many southern country songs tell stories about the singer. Southern music is used today in some schools and churches on a daily basis. Some government groups in the United States also use songs with southern background. â€Å"The south is the cradle of American music. †3 This can be seen through many types of music. Southern music is used in movies. Southern influence help to make popular songs like â€Å"Sweet Home Alabama†, â€Å"Free bird†, and â€Å"Still in Saigon† favorites among many different types of people today. Even though southern music is for hillbillies, southern music is very influential because southern music from the past is still used in lives today and southern music started many famous songs still used today. This is why southern music is not just for hillbillies. Reference Page 1- http://www. urbandictionary. com 2- http://www. wbir. com by Dave Paulson â€Å"The Tennessean† Who listens to Country music? 3- http:www. credoreference. com. library. gcu. edu:2048/entry/abcarcsouth/music Here is the section of the style guide that might help you with your citations. Source Citations All quotations, paraphrases, and summaries must be referenced. Only common knowledge does not need to be cited. When in doubt, cite the material. This is an issue of plagiarism; please reference GCU’s policy on Plagiarism in the University Policy Handbook. In-text citations should note the author(s) and the publication date for a paraphrase. For a direct quotation, citations should include author(s), date, and page number. See the following examples: â€Å"Ethics examines moral values and the standards of ethical behavior† (Ornstein & Levine, 2008, p. 162). Ornstein and Levine (2008) expressed their concern with NCLB and its effect on public education. Reference Examples: Books Book by a Single Author Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle after colon. Location, State Abbreviation: Publisher. [Some publication locations do not require a state abbreviation or country. ] Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship: A practical guide fo r new School administrators. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Book by More than One Author Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (Year). Book title: Subtitle after colon. Location, State Abbreviation: Publisher. Black, J. A. , & English, F. W. (1986). What they don’t tell you in schools of education about school administration. Lancaster, PA: Technomic. Hartzell, G. , Williams, R. , & Nelson, K. (1995). New voices in the field: The work lives of first-year assistant principals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Edited Book Author, A. A. (Ed. ). (Year). Book title: Subtitle after colon. Location, State Abbreviation: Publisher. Feldman, P. R. (Ed. ). (1997). British women poets of the romantic era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. Article or Chapter in an Edited Book Author, A. A. , & Author, B. B. (Year). Chapter or article title. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds. ), Book title: Subtitle after colon (pp. ). Location, State Abbreviation: Publisher. Grabe, W. , & Stoller, F. L. (2001). Reading for academic purposes: Guidelines for the ESL/EFL teacher. In M. Celce-Murcia (Ed. ), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (3rd ed. ) (pp. 187-203). Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Multiple Editions of a Book Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle after colon (2nd ed. . Location, State Abbreviation: Publisher. Parker, F. , & Riley, K. (2004). Linguistics for non-linguists: A primer with exercises (4th ed. ). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Book by an Organization Organization Name. (Year). Book title: Subtitle after colon. Location, State Abbreviation: Publisher. American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. [Here, the organi zation is both the publisher and the author, so the word â€Å"Author† is noted in place of the publisher’s name. Reference Examples: Periodicals Article in a Journal Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page numbers. Chappuis, S. , & Stiggins, R. (2002). Classroom assessment for learning. Educational Leadership, 60, 40-43. Arnold, J. B. , & Dodge, H. W. (1994). Room for all. The American School Board Journal, 181(10), 22-26. [The issue number is in parentheses; no space between the volume and issue. ] Article in a Popular Magazine Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), Page numbers. Mehta, P. B. (1998, June 6). Exploding myths. New Republic, 290(25), 17-19. Article in a Newspaper Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, Page numbers. Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. Online Periodical Article Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Periodical Title, Volume(Issue), Page numbers. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL Smith, B. M. (2004, June). What will you do on summer vacation? Phi Delta Kappan, 85(10), 722. Retrieved August 18, 2004, from http://www. pdkintl. org/kappan/k0406smi. htm Reference Examples: Electronic Resources Document from University or Government Program Web Site Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of web site. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Organization Name, Specific Web Page: URL Woodford, R. (n. d. ). Successful practices for students with disabilities. Retrieved August 24, 2004, from US Department of Education, Improve Student Performance: http://www. ed. gov/teachers/how/tools/initiative/summerworkshop/lincolncounty/edlite-slide001. tml Stand-Alone Document Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of Web site. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL Black, C. (2011). Women and addiction: From Betty Ford to Amy Winehouse. Retrieved July 27, 2011, from http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/the-many-faces-addiction/201107/women-and-addiction-betty-ford-amy-winehouse Stand-Alone Document, No Author or Date Title of page. (n. d. ). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL USA swimming. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 24, 2004, from http://www. usaswimming. org/usasweb/DesktopDefault. aspx

A Report On Offender Profiling Psychology Essay

A Report On Offender Profiling Psychology Essay This definition is controversial as it has clear connotations of ‘informed guesswork’ that has angered those who advocate the view that offender profiling is a scientific and theoretically-informed technique. This disparity of views as to the validity of offender profiling is not limited to the academic and professional world. Unsuccessful attempts at profiling have attracted a high level of media attention and this has combined with the less-then-scientific approach of fictional profilers to create a fair degree of scepticism amongst the public regarding the validity of offender profiling. This essay will explore the psychological basis of offender profiling with a view to establishing whether or not it can be considered a valid psychological technique with an important role to play in criminal investigation. Although offender profiling is viewed as a relatively recent technique, gaining prominence in the 1980s and 1990s, the practices that underpin profiling are of fa r greater longevity. The research conducted by criminal anthropologists in the 1800s that sought to measure and record physical features of offenders in order to gain insight into the characteristics of the criminal personality provide the roots of offender profiling. This endeavour, commonly associated with Lombroso, was based upon the premise that criminal have distinctive characteristics that enable them to be differentiated from the non-criminal population (Garland, 1997). Lombroso’s work in the identification and classification of criminal ‘types’ was based on notions of biological determinism; certain individuals were naturally possessed of traits which predisposed them towards criminality. Not only did Lombroso believe that people were predestined either towards offending or law-abiding behaviour, he believed that criminals could be physically distinguished from each other according to the type of crime which they were biologically determined to commit. Th is early work into the classification of offenders seems far removed from the techniques deployed in modern offender profiling. However, Lombroso’s basic theoretical premise that criminal behaviour could be predicted from studying the characteristics of individuals to determine whether they were predisposed to criminality and, if so, what type of offending behaviour they would display was instrumental in the evolution of numerous alternative theoretical perspectives aimed at predicting criminal behaviour. Subsequent studies moved beyond the categorisation of offenders on the basis of physical characteristics to taken into account social and psychological factors. One of the major influences on the progression was the work of Sir Francis Galton who studied heredity and human behaviour as a basis for the prediction of criminal behaviour. His conclusions concerning the existence of inheritable criminal tendencies were coupled with a realisation that a tendency towards criminalit y was the result of the accumulation of specific character traits that were not necessarily criminally-orientated. Galton’s findings were particularly influential as they acknowledged the difficulty of isolating inherent characteristics without taking into account social and situational factors. In other words, although Galton was convinced that criminality was the result of inheritable personality traits, he recognised that these traits did not exist in isolation of the environment inhabited by the offender. This expansion of factors that were viewed as contributing to criminal behaviour led inexorably to a focus on the mind of the offender. Initially, psychological theories of offending tended to be reminiscent of the predestined actor of biological determinism in that they believed that criminal traits arose from factors outside the control of the offender and which had an indelible influence on their behaviour. Psychodynamic and behavioural learning theorists evolved expl anations for criminality that adhered to the central notion of psychological positivism that certain core patterns of behaviour and reasoning remain consistent within offenders irrespective of their social experiences and operational environment.

UNIT 5 DISCUSSION BOARD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

UNIT 5 DISCUSSION BOARD - Essay Example Other government funded interests such as education, military and infrastructure will suffer greatly as well. According to the Commerce Department, the yearly payment on this debt, the deficit, reached $725.8 billion. This represents a 17.5 percent increase from 2004 (Armstrong, 2006). These figures are well past most peoples’ comprehension. If, for example, a person were to spend a million dollars a day since the birth of Christ, they would have to continue the spending spree for 700 more years to have spent one trillion dollars. Multiply that amount by eight. That still does not equal the current national debt. Started in 1791, the national debt was, by those days’ standards, an incredible $75 million. Due to President Andrew Jackson’s prudent approach to government spending, the national debt was lowered to, again adjusted to today’s standards, a much lower level – $37 thousand (Suter, 2004). The Reagan/Bush administrations of the 1980’s ran the debt up by historic proportions. When President Clinton took office in 1993, the debt stood at $2.4 tr illion. The massive increase of debt was not used for infrastructure, education, public programs or even to finance a war. As a result of Reagan’s ‘trickle down’ economic theory, the money wound up in the pockets of the rich. In the early 1990’s, Congress adopted a ‘pay-as-you-go’ policy and federal spending cuts which resulted in budget surpluses for four consecutive years. Clinton announced that the nation could pay off the debt by the year 2013 if it stayed on the present course (Schoen, 2006). That optimistic predication has long since been forgotten. Since 2000, the debt has tripled. The ‘pay-as-you-go’ policy expired in 2002 allowing Congress to cut taxes, a politically advantageous move while also increasing spending (Schoen, 2006). The current President Bush administration cut the taxes of the rich while increasing military

Public transportation affects on the economy in terms of employment, Essay

Public transportation affects on the economy in terms of employment, wages, and business income in the usa - Essay Example This paper discusses the effects of public transportation services on the economy in terms of employment, wages, and business income in the US. Public transportation generates numerous jobs in US. First, jobs are created through capital investments that take place in the sector, or to support the sector (Economic development Research, 2). This includes the purchase of vehicles and equipments, development of infrastructure, and other supporting facilities. An analysis conducted by Weisbrod and Reno (1) observed that per every billion dollars spent in investment activities in the US public transportation, approximately 24,000 jobs are supported annually. Public transportation operations are in addition significant sources of employment. These employment opportunities include management, operations, and maintenance of vehicles and facilities. The analysis conducted by Weisbrod and Reno (1) elaborate that for every billion dollars spent on public transportation operations in the US, around 41,000 jobs are supported annually. Moreover, the US public transportation sector helps to create jobs for individuals, or in industries inv olved in providing services such as repairs and car wash. On average, Weisbrod and Reno (1) observed that per every $ billion invested in public transportation sector in US, approximately 36,000 jobs are supported directly or indirectly annually. Investments in public transportation generate wages for employees working in the sector, in addition to individuals working in related sectors. An increase in investment in the sector results in an increase in public transportation spending, leading to employment of persons to fill the new created jobs (United States Department of Transportation, 2). This creates an opportunity for unemployed persons to earn income. The analysis conducted by Weisbrod and Reno (1) indicate that $1 billion investments in the public transportation sector in US results to $1.6 billion increase

Open Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Open - Essay Example An objective and critical look at the main arguments advanced in favour of death penalty shows that the arguments are flawed and not based on facts. For the purposes of objectivity, let us critically analyse the two main arguments advanced in favour of death penalty. To begin with, let us critically look at the argument that death penalty deters crime. This argument is actually one of the main arguments advanced by the proponents of death penalty in support of their view that death penalty is an effective form of punishment. The proponents of capital punishment contend that, by killing criminals through capital punishment, we deny the criminals any other opportunity to commit crime, hence reducing crime in the society; also, the proponents of capital punishment argue that through subjecting criminals guilty of grave crimes to capital punishment, we scare other potential criminals from committing such crimes in future. A critical view at this position, however, shows that capital punishment does not deter crime. This is because there is absolutely no scientific proof that capital punishment deters crime. On the contrary, studies in social sciences have shown that there is actually no correlation between death penalty and crime; studies in social sciences have actually shown that death penalty does not deter crime (Goel, web). For this reason, therefore, death penalty is an ineffective form of punishment because it does not deter crime. The second argument advanced by the proponents of capital punishment is the argument that death penalty is an effective form of punishment because it ensures that justice is done to both the offended party and the offender. The main argument here is that heinous crimes are extraordinary forms of injustice to the victims of the crimes; for that reason, it is only an extra-ordinarily grave form of punishment that can compensate for the grave

Galileo and Aristotle on falling bodies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Galileo and Aristotle on falling bodies - Essay Example Aristotle explained how objects fall, he stated that every object has a natural place and if the object is moved it will move back to the natural place. Aristotle was among the first early scientists to quantitatively think about speed of a moving body he came up with to assertions on natural motion of free fall 1. Speed of a falling body is proportional to its weight i.e. heavier bodies fall faster than light ones. 2. Speed of a free falling body is inversely proportional to the density of the medium it is falling through Aristotle did not put into consideration a vacuum because it would be incompatible with his thinking. The inference deduced from his theories shows that objects experience less resistance with increase in speed therefore, in a vacuum an object would move infinitely fast. A study of moving objects led Aristotle to the conclusion that velocity, for a given force was inversely proportional to the density of the medium. In modern science this is v=k/d where v, speed is a function of density d and k is a function of proportionality. He explained acceleration as an objects response to its natural place. He states that since the object ’knows‘it’s final destination it keeps going faster until it gets there. To Aristotle two objects of different kinds in a similar medium would not have similar acceleration as the heavier object overcomes resistance of the medium and would thus fall faster than the lighter object. Aristotle obtained his results from pure observation he did not subject any of his theories to any experimental or mathematical scrutiny he also did not have any methods at the time to create a vacuum or reduce friction in order for him to notice dependency on density. Frictionless uniform motion was not analyzed by Aristotle, he considered motion under constant force acted upon by friction, and he concluded that a constant force must be applied on a body to overcome effects of friction force. Galileo - He was the first p erson to publicly and experimentally observe and prove discrepancies with Aristotle’s predictions one of his first experiments was on motion of bodies on free fall it was a challenge to Aristotle’s motion theories, Galileo’s approach to science was different from Aristotle’s he can be referred to as the father of modern science, he concentrated on describing a problem mathematically first, before coming up with a conclusion , he assembled relevant information and created a coherent pattern to disapprove Aristotle’s assertions. He carried out quantitative results rather than describing observations qualitatively, he speculated that in addition to gravitational force acting on a free falling object there was a counter upward force exerted on a falling object by the medium it is falling through. Galileo came up with experiments to show this phenomenon. He used water as the medium to make motion of object through it relatively slow in order for him to record time taken by each object. With this experiment he discovered 1. Heavy objects that are streamlined reached the bottom of experimenting tank at approximately the same time only a little bit longer than time taken to cover a similar height in air 2. Lighter and less streamlined objects took more time to reach

Fayols Systematic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fayols Systematic Management - Essay Example Fayol as the head of the school of Systematic Management was inspired to develop a theoretical foundation for the managerial education program that was based on his experience as a managing director of a successful mining company. In the past, the managers had no formal training and Fayol observed that with an increase in the number of organizations in the society, more professional management would be required (Cunningham, 2001). Mintzberg on the other hand focuses on the business strategies used in organizations to be successful since strategies can be implemented at any point during business operations (Harindranath, 2002). This paper is going to discuss the extent to which Fayol’s classic analysis of the management function has largely been made redundant by the more recent empirical studies of what managers actually do such as that favored by Mintzberg. The paper will explain the different perspectives on management taken by Fayol and Mintzberg and their approaches to the study of management. Planning involves initiating plans of events to be done that combines unity, flexibility, precision, and continuity given the business’s resources, type of work, and the future trends. Robbins et al. (2013) noted that creating an action plan is the most challenging of the other tasks, as it requires contribution and participation from the entire organisation. According to Fayol’s perspective, planning is coordinated at different levels and at diverse time horizons. Organising entails providing personnel, capital, and raw materials that are required for the daily operations of the firm and constructing a structure to match the work (Kreitner, 2009).

3 paragraphs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

3 paragraphs - Assignment Example It contributes to motivating employees by sending a clear signal that it is performance and only performance that will be the criteria for employment and appreciation thereby reducing the gap between their performance and potential. It frees people to be creative and to take initiative as there is close co-relation between how an employee feels and the work he does. Further men and women are wired differently and different ethnicities have different strengths. When these are looked as complementary rather the competitive it builds the team, and teams are excellent in driving motivation. Individuals who belong to such a high performance team where performance is the key word feel a sense of belonging and passion for the team and therefore for the organization and its endeavors. Traditionally businesses and business managers have sort homogeneous work forces. While the current trend is to argue that diversity is all good for an organization, research by Trandis, Kurowski, and Gelfand in 1994, and Milliken and Martins in 1996 has suggested that there are both advantages and disadvantages. In the face of this uncertainty when Best Buy’s have decided that there policy will definitely be on a diverse workforce it is essential to drive the message to all levels of management and inculcate a philosophy which does not in anyway allow deviance from it’s stated policy. Visiting the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis drives this point through. In fact it scores a home run in communicating its policy. Managers with the traditional homogenous mindset will feel that they will have to learn or depart. Employees have been reassured that the company is absolutely serious in it’s policy and will empower whistle blowing when the policy is practiced in the breach. A visit to such an iconic place in the history of the nation will also give all employees and managers a sense of being an essential

SOCIAL MEDIA AS AN EFFECTIVE MARKETING CHANNEL Essay

SOCIAL MEDIA AS AN EFFECTIVE MARKETING CHANNEL - Essay Example 53). It is also playing a key role in the overall community building. There are many types of social media that help people communicate with each other and develop business relationships. However, social media mainly refers to the social networking websites that play a dynamic role in the personal and professional lives of people. Some of the main business benefits of using social media include provision of an effective marketing platform, ability to reach large audiences, and improved customer service. In this paper, we will discuss the value of social networking websites for advertising, customer service, and as a community building tool. The paper will also include a discussion on the value of social media as an effective marketing tool. 2. Social Media as an Effective Marketing Channel Social networking websites are playing a valuable role as effective marketing channels for all types of companies whether large, small, or medium-sized (Kelly 2013). With the advent of the social m edia as an effective network for marketing and advertising, companies started using social networking websites for achieving better response, as well as to provide customer service through enhanced level of interaction with the customers of the company (Richardson, Gosnay and Carroll 2010, p. 58). â€Å"The main goal of social media marketing is to ensure high participation of target audience in campaigns and content shared by the company† (Rajarammohan 2012). It is imperative for a company y to know the needs and demands of the customers for the provision of best products and services. Managers use a range of tools to gather required information because without the information of customers’ requirements, it is not possible for a company to deliver customer value properly. Social media marketing helps managers and concerned employees in contacting the customers of the company directly to know their requirements and preferences. Today, many small and large companies for m manufacturing and retail industries are focusing of the use social media marketing to customize their products in accordance with the customers’ preferences, as well as to deliver their message in a more effective and conventional way to the target audience. Social media marketing refers to marketing using social networking websites and other forms of social media (Weinberg 2009, p. 4). Gone are the days when people used to visit products’ dealers and companies personally to know the functionalities and specifications of their required products. Today, most of the people use internet and related media to get all information about the products that they want to buy. For example, the number of people using online portals and websites for shopping is increasing with every passing day. The reason is that they do not need to waste their precious time going to markets and collecting information about different products. Today, internet has become the biggest and the most c onvenient marketplace where trading occurs in the same way as it occurs traditionally. The role of internet in this regard is evident from the fact that some popular social media websites, such as, Youtube, Twitter, and Facebook receive millions of clicks every day regarding product information (Rajarammohan 2012). The role of Youtube seems to be on the top in this regard as millions of people use this website to gather information about different products and services. For example, if a person aims to buy a new mobile phone of a particular company, he/she is most likely to open Youtube and see different videos related to that mobile phone. This is the reason why almost all major brands

Poverty in America Essay Example for Free

Poverty in America Essay Poverty is a disturbing but significant global concern. Just as it is for millions of other people all over the globe, poverty is occurring in America. Over the past decades, income disparity is ascending, in addition to the number of communities that failed to keep up with the national economic standard. Although poverty is present everywhere, it is more serious in developing countries, wherein one in every five person lives on not more than $1 for each day, which is the threshold being applied by the World Bank to classify poverty. The unrelenting problem of poverty is a multifaceted one that embraces individuals and communities who, without their fault, find themselves powerless to manage in this information-intensive and constantly developing world. For the majority Americans, poverty implies destitution, or the lack of ability to provide the family with reasonable shelter, clothing, and nutritious food. Despite the fact that material destitution does exist in America, it is relatively confined in severity and scope. To be aware of poverty in America, it is necessary to observe several statistics, as well as to observe the actual living conditions of the persons that are considered poor by the government. Overview of Poverty in America A large numbers of the country’s population live at or below the threshold of poverty, which means payment of bills every month and financing for the essentials, consisting of shelter, clothing, and food, not counting access to health care and a number of simple comforts is a constant struggle. According to estimates in 2003, roughly 25 percent of counties in the United States had low rates of workforce participation, soaring rates of unemployment, high reliance on government transfer expenditures, and incomes that is lower than one-half of the national average or less for each person. The Census Bureau classifies poverty as a family of three earning not more than $14,680, and not more than $9,393 for a worker without any dependent (Blanco, 2004). According to the 2003 statistics of the Census Bureau, almost 36 million Americans lived in poverty, which is 1.3 million more in 2002. Since 2000, the country has experienced an increase of 4.4 million people who lives in poverty (Blanco, 2004). According to a survey, the present American families are experiencing worse living conditions than they have in the previous years, as 10 percent of all families or approximately 7.6 million families in 2003 lived in poverty, which is an enormous ascend from the previous years (Blanco, 2004). In 2005, the registration of the United States Census Bureau of poor individuals in the country totaled to approximately 37 million poor Americans (Rector Johnson, 2004). Therefore, there is one in every eight Americans that is struggling with inconceivable poverty. These millions of Americans are asserted to be deficient of the necessary clothing, shelter, and enough money for the food, as well as being forced to live in unpleasant conditions (Rector Johnson, 2004). Common Factors of Poverty In the concluding half of the 20th century, the three factors that are generally offered to explain movements of poverty in the United States are changes in family structure, economic inequality, and income growth. If the average per-capita incomes are increased, such as increasing wages and employment, then it is expected that poverty will generally decline. Nevertheless, economic inequality can take the edge off the overall constructive impact of income growth if lower-income workforce and unemployed citizens do not benefit from the fruits of such development. On the other hand, changes in the family structure, primarily the ever-increasing number of families headed by female may be linked with higher rates of poverty for the reason that such families are more expected to be poor and are more economically vulnerable. I. Economic Equality Certainly, the country has made several enhancements over the intervening decades in terms of the overall minimum living standard as measured through material conditions. Yet the living conditions of the poor individuals are severely different from that of families and individuals who take advantage of various degree of economic security as measured through income levels that provide unstressed and comfortable situations. The escalation in the number of poor individuals and families in the country ought to provide the government various apprehension, but even more upsetting is the increasing difference between the underprivileged and wealthy in America. In the previous decades, compensation for more affluent Americans has considerably ascended, stimulated by increase in stock options, bonuses, salaries and other rewards. However, the compensation provided for millions of lower-wage workforces dropped off; and in fact, a number of them have even lost their jobs (Blanco, 2004). Therefore, this factor has prevented the advantages of economic growth from being equally drawn out. Moreover, in 2005, non-Hispanic white men, not less than 25 years of age, holding only high-school qualification have $35,679 median income; whereas women within the same age group, need a degree in college in order to obtain a comparable median income (Spriggs, 2007). The outcome is that the households headed by female are harmed by the major earnings gap, which has a poverty rate of 31.1 percent in contrast to their male-headed household counterparts, which only had a 13.4 percent poverty rate (Spriggs, 2007). In 2005, poverty for women is excessively elevated than men, which is14.1 percent in contrast to 11.1 (Spriggs, 2007). The disparity reflects unrelenting gaps in earnings between male and female workers. At the same time, since 1959 the median income of white males with a family of five has been higher than the poverty line, but for women with a family of three, it was only in 1990 that their median income broke beyond the poverty line (Spriggs, 2007). Further, notwithstanding the progressive structure of benefit procedure in Social Security benefits, the constant gap is best reflected in disparities in poverty among the elderly, where the lifetime earnings of women suggest they have lower assets than men. II. Family Structure Higher rates of poverty among women have generally been contributed to the changes in family structure. The percentage of families headed by single female with children rapidly rose over the previous decades of the 20th century, which reached 26.5 percent in 1995 from only 11.5 percent of all families with children in 1970; with higher rates for Hispanics and blacks. At the start of year 2003, roughly 26.1 percent of the entire families with children in the country were headed by single woman. A number of such families do not obtain any or adequate child support from the absent fathers of the children. It is suggested in one study that if fathers married the destitute mothers of their children, approximately three-quarters of the single-parents would instantly be elevated outside poverty status (Rector Johnson, 2004). Obviously, two parents in a household generally earn more than single-parent. The burden of receiving enough income to raise dependent children outside poverty additionally confronts women who are the single head of the family, as well as getting and paying for child care concurrently with their work and management of the household without help. Since this hazard confronted by women of serving non-working dependents as well as their efforts in looking after their elderly parents is not distributed by society, women who head such families are expected to obtain lower levels of education, therefore, resulting to their lower earnings. Aside from the fact that women are more expected to earn significantly less than men with similar qualifications, mothers have a tendency to accumulate less experience than other workers. III. Income Growth Poverty is associated with the lack of sufficient income, so the core problem therefore is the compensation for the workers. Among the poor, only 11.4 percent or 2.9 million jobs around the clock is available for the whole year (Spriggs, 2007). This sector of the population is further directly impaired by minimum-wage laws that have hindered costs of living. This setback is particularly severe for poverty stricken American-Hispanics and American-Asians, where 18 percent of them worked year-round for full time (Spriggs, 2007). There are several reasons why numerous people lack the income to overcome poverty. For instance, people do not work or if they work, they do not earn sufficient amount of money. Whether in good or bad economic times, the ordinary poor family with children exerts only 800 hours of work throughout a year or 16 hours of work for each week (Rector Johnson, 2004). Evidently, almost 75 percent of poor children would be lifted outside certified poverty status if work is provided in every family, that would increase the work hours to 2,000 for every year or comparable to 40 hours for each week all through the year (Rector Johnson, 2004). In 2005, approximately 61 percent underprivileged families have no less than one worker; and of twice-poor families, 71 percent have no less than one worker. In view of the 1990s record job creation, the number of poor but working people declined to 8.5 million in 2000 from 10.1 million in 1993. In short, America is capable of dealing with poverty. But there have been vast stubborn concerns that have lodged the face of poverty. Mounting disparity in the labor market has increased the share of the working age poor citizens, and the unsympathetic federal minimum-wage laws that have amplified the numbers of poor people working year-round for full-time. In a country with a per capita Gross Domestic Product is exceeding the poverty line for a family of four, it is atrocious that there are still more than 12 million poverty stricken American children, and nearly 3 million people work around the clock, for one whole year who are still finding it hard to make ends meet. Facts Concerning the American Poor Sector Based on the American’s accepted definition of poverty, only a small number of the 37 million individuals fit the poor description, contrary to what the Census Bureau classified. Despite the fact that real material destitution undoubtedly does take place, it is limited in severity and scope. A number of America’s underprivileged lives in material conditions that would be considered as well-off or comfortable some generations ago. The following are information obtained from different government reports regarding people classified as poor by the Census Bureau: 1. Roughly 46 percent of the entire poor households actually own their individual houses (Rector Johnson, 2004). The typical house owned by persons identified as poor by the Census Bureau is a three-bedroom house with a garage, one-and-a-half baths, with at least a patio or porch. 2. About 76 percent of underprivileged families have air conditioning in their houses (Rector Johnson, 2004). By comparison, merely 36 percent of the entire population of the United States benefited from air conditioning 3 decades ago. 3. Only 6 percent of the underprivileged families are considered overcrowded, and not less than two-thirds of them have extra two rooms for every person (Rector Johnson, 2004). 4. The typical poor American has more living space than the average individual living in Athens, Vienna, London, Paris, and other cities all over Europe (Rector Johnson, 2004). 5. Practically three-quarters of poor families own an automobile, while 30 percent own at least two automobiles (Rector Johnson, 2004). 6. Approximately 97 percent of poor households own at least one colored television, while half of the said percentage has at least two colored televisions (Rector Johnson, 2004). 7. Roughly 78 percent own DVD or VCR players, while 62 percent have satellite or cable television reception (Rector Johnson, 2004). 8. Around 73 percent of the poor households have microwave ovens, one-third owns an automatic dishwasher, and over half own a stereo system (Rector Johnson, 2004). Further, as a group, America’s poor are far from being constantly malnourished. In fact poor children have usual protein intakes of 100 percent beyond the medically suggested levels and consume more meat than children of higher-income do (Rector Johnson, 2004). Nevertheless, despite the fact that in general the poor are well-nourished, there are still several poor families who experience short-term distress due to food deficiencies. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, although most of the time the hunger is temporary, still 2.6 percent of poor children and 13 percent of poor families experience food shortage sometime during the year (Rector Johnson, 2004). Approximately 89 percent of the poor account sufficient food to eat to their families, at the same time only 2 percent says they often do not have adequate food to eat (Rector Johnson, 2004). Conclusion / Recommendations Following the United States government classification of poverty, the typical poor American people have a living standard far superior as compared to what the public envisions. Nevertheless, the typical poor person’s living conditions should not be taken to suggest that every poor American lives devoid of hardship. Millions of Americans are still continually struggling to hang on, making tough choices between housing, hunger and health care for their families. Economic inequality, income growth, and changes in family structure without doubt affected poverty trends over the latter half of the 20th century. Poverty in America can be readily reduced, if parents are provided with sufficient hours of work and if fathers are at all times present with their families. Although marriage and work are unyielding ladders away from poverty, the country’s welfare system uncooperatively continues to be unsympathetic to both. Foremost programs such as Medicaid, public housing, and food stamps keep on reprimanding marriage and rewarding idleness. Therefore, if welfare could be turned around to uphold marriage and work, the remaining number of poor family would quickly decrease. Further, as a matter of course, the United States has employed over the years job creation and economic growth to trim down poverty, but at present situation the courses are consequential only to the extent that inequality on wages is reduced. Poor people are generally not victims of themselves, but of appalling economic policies along with obstructions to opportunity. Since work generates income, it is important therefore that the government must provide a great increase in available working hours in different labor sectors for the poor. Along with the work opportunities, it is also important to eliminate economic inequalities based on gender, age, economic status, and many others in order to provide higher wages and higher incomes to the underprivileged sectors of the country. America is a nation with one of the most productive and strongest economies in the world. As such, the country must exert a continuing effort to fully utilize the abundance and therefore eliminate the country ’s alarming poverty rate.

Looking for Alibrandi Essay Example for Free

Looking for Alibrandi Essay A world-wide hit in the late 1990s, Author Melina Marchetta wrote a manuscript about a teenage girl searching for herself and the way she is to live. Her name is Josephine Alibrandi who is a 17 year old Italian Australian or ‘wog’ as some know it, in the novel and film of ‘Looking for Alibrandi’. Much of the discussion of Alibrandi has centred around this portrayal of the multi-cultural society of Australia, although remarkably, the novel has managed to largely avoid the negative and superficial issues pigeon-holing so much realist fiction for young adults is victim to. There is no question that Marchettas own experiences as an Italian-Australian have informed her story. Nor is there any doubt that in Josephine Alibrandi she has created a fresh non-Anglo-Australian voice of great power and integrity. Nevertheless, Marchetta does find that the focus on the Italian heritage of her protagonist (and herself) can be both distracting and limiting; it was not, she says, her first impulse in telling Josephine Alibrandis story; Another legacy of the shared Italian-Australian heritage of both author and protagonist is the common assumption that the book must be autobiographical. The reading of her novel is in some ways complimentary, being as it is an indication of the kind of response readers have to Josephine, and to the lively and truthful tone of the novel; Marchetta has captured her characters, their situation and the inner city suburbs of Sydney acutely and precisely. The ambivalence Marchetta feels towards Josephine is revealed through the characters of Sister Louise, her headmistress, and her boyfriend Jacob, neither of whom hesitate to point out to Josephine when she is being selfish, over-dramatic, or plain stupid. A quite shocking example of this is in the scene where Jacob rescues Josephine from a violent mob of teenage boys in a McDonalds car park, and then abuses her for her stupidity in spitting on and further antagonising the ring-leader. It is an indication of the exasperation that Josephine provokes in those who care about her, and Marchetta agrees with Jacob that Josephines dramatic and impulsive behaviour too frequently land her in avoidable unpleasantness. To be fair, Josephine can be fairly hard on herself, and her ability at and willingness for self-scrutiny develops as she matures. It is testament to Marchettas care in balancing the complexities of Josephines character that the reader can witness her tantrums and drama-queen turns, her often thoughtless and selfish actions, and yet know that this is an essential part of her emancipation, and that it does not detract from her vitality, compassion and intelligence. Young Australian readers will find the setting of the novel very realistic and familiar. They will identify with the portrayal of Australian high school life, attending a debating meeting, the description of suburban Sydney and catching the ferry to Circular Quay, the fact of being part of a dysfunctional family ? all these details of the setting are realistic and will be instantly recognisable. Many teenagers of foreign parentage will relate to Josie’s rebellion against her Italian side and to all the references to the Italian culture.

Contemparary Issues In International Hrm Management Essay

Contemparary Issues In International Hrm Management Essay In wide range of market economies, human resource management plays an important role. Analysis and evaluation of HRM have become major themes in, policy, academic and practitioner literatures (ref: human resource management by Julie Beardwell and Tim Claydon, 5th edition). In any organization, the main objective of the Human Resource Management function is to check that the most effective use is made of its human resources(ref :global excellence ) International HRM has been characterized by three broad approaches. Comparative HRM: It is one of the approaches in IHRM using which HR Management in MNCs (multinational companies) understands the reasons for similarities and cross- national differences in HR practice in the countries in which they operates. Before exploring this in detail, it is necessary to understand the institutional distinctiveness of National Business Systems (NBS) as it is the main reason for cross-national differences in employment policy and practice. Distinctiveness of NBSs: Global economy can be defined as amalgamation of different individual and independent nations. While majority of these nations are capitalist, they have followed unique and different path ways for their industrial capitalism .Each market economy is shaped by its distinctive economic, political and social characteristics which are embedded in its social system. Hall and Soski (2001) have done an academic work on NBSs by considering US, UK, Germany and Japan. Writer of this assignment explored. Hall and Soskis academic work and identified following things: Capitalist economies are of two types Liberal Market Economies (LMEs) and Co-ordinated Market Economies (CMEs).These creates different national patterns of corporate strategy. These also determine different labour laws and regulations around funding etc. US and UK economies are liberal with less government involvement in labour market and funding regulations. Provision of funds operates with in open market. Here capital providers like pension fund managers provides funds, on short term basis and expects rapid returns. It is more focused on the value created for shareholders with in short time scale. US is highly liberal market with highly developed stock and capital markets to reinforce market relations.UK even though liberal and capable of innovation .But low level of institutional regulator in labour and capital markets, skills education hinders its capability Germany and Japan economies are treated as CMEs where there is less free market for equity capital and most of the shares are owned by founders of firms, and have institutional fund providers supported by state provides funds as a credit and they look at long term prospective also their labour market is highly regulated. Germany is coordinated market economy which can exhibit incremental innovation and change and has sustained competitive advantage in manufacturing due labour and capital regulation. Due to these Distinctiveness of NBSs discussed above Comparative HRM approach is needed for MNCs to understand Cross-national differences in HR policy and practice. Researchers found differences in training, pay practices, industrial relations and employees representations between different nations. These differences which are impacting HR policy can be well understood, if we consider part time employment in Europe as more and more employers are using part time employees as a method of matching labour demand and supply on temporary basis and also European commission is promoting part time employment to combat unemployment. If we examine OECD stats, highest part time employment in UK can be explained due to lack affordable childcare facilities, state tax and welfare policies and availability on more students for part time etc. At the same time if you consider Spain which has less part-timers can be explained due to existence of fixed term contracts (full time) available in labour market. Also in UK part time means 17 HRs a week and in France part-time means 21.5hrs a week. Due to these differences, it is challenging for any global company to have HR strategy in different countries. USA has the weakest system of employment protection .Less or lack of regulation reduces barriers or constraints faced by employers, weather this result in improved performance is another issue for argument. If we take Germany it is a quiet contrast labour market is regulated and Germany human resource and employment relation policy and sectoral collective bargaining are deeply integrated in its society as a method of determining the wage. Almost 80%of German employees are covered by this creating good working conditions and standardisation of pay . Also training and human resource planning policies and institutions are governed by government, trade unions and employers. Sometimes these types of policies are treated as constraints for IHRM, weather it is true or not is another issue. This comparative approach doesnt take into account about the effects of multinationals and multi cultures have on HR strategy and policy. Cross -cultural approach Culture is a of shared attitudes, values, goals and practices that characterizes an company or institution (Asgary and Walleor, 2002) or a complicated socially constructed system which includes art, law, knowledge, beliefs, customs, morals and any other habits and capabilities acquired by human as a member of society (Banerjee, 2008). There exists ,many criticisms towards the cultural approach by HRM academics, out of  which Hofstede, Trompenaars and Laurent are confined in centre of attraction, as well being ambiguous when using ethnographic approach. The individualism has also a very different apprehension, from one civilization to another, and may not be always completely different from collectivism. Although, Hofstede and Trompenaars believe an apparent association between attitudes and  behaviour, on account of that, there is assumption that specific cultural attitudes would lead instantly to particular type of behaviour. They have as well been accused of disregarding cultural framework, having motionless determination which does not locate principles in historical growth and relationship between community and institution. Again, there is a problem of accreditation of one culture to entire national structure, which masculinity and femininity are inappropriate names and that structure of four-dimension app roach could be easily questioned (Beardwell et al. 2001, pp.642-643). Hofstedes (1980a) approach was one of the first attempt to develop a universal framework for understanding cultural differences in managers and employees values based on a worldwide survey, although not the only one. The argument here is that this work was starting point, both for serious academic research, and for managers working across culture to make a first estimate of the differences in organizational values which may exist among different countries(ref: international hrm: a cross cultural approach by Terence Jackson). Hofstedes work focuses on value systems of national cultures which are represented by five dimensions (1991). Power distance This is the extent to which inequalities among people are seen as normal. This dimension stretches from equal relations being seen as normal to wide in equalities being viewed as normal. Uncertainty avoidance This refers to a preference for structured situations verse unstructured situations. This dimension runs from being comfortable with flexibility and ambiguity to need for extreme rigidity and situations with a high degree of certainty. Individualism This looks at whether individuals are used to acting as individuals or as part of cohesive groups, which may be based on the family (Chinese societies) or the corporation (Japan: Hui, 1990). The dimension ranges from collectivism to individualism. Masculinity Hofstede (1980a) distinguishes hard values such as assertiveness and competition, and the soft or feminine values of personal relations, quality of life and caring about others, where in a masculine society gender role differentiation is emphasized. Long-term Vs short-term Orientation: This distinguishes peoples choice of focus for their actions; values that foster virtues oriented towards future rewards (persistence, perseverance) vs fostering virtues related to the present and past (eg :stability, respect for tradition) (Romani in Harzing Van Ruysseveldt, 2004; Jackson 2002) Multinational approach Multinational human resource management is an important function in multinational organizations. Multinational human resource management functions cover many different activities related to a business organizations employees and contractors. The first and most important is the staffing needs of the company whether staff members are company employees or outside contractors. Functions include Recruiting and training employees Performing at expected levels Handling performance issues Multinational human resource management is the fastest-growing subset of human resource due to the growing trend for global business operations. Companies can apply one of the three different approaches to managing and staffing their subsidiaries (Francesco, Gold, 1998). Different models and their advantages and disadvantages are as below Ethnocentric. Centre of operations from the home country makes key decisions, employees from the home country hold important  jobs, and the subsidiaries follow the home country resource management practice. Companies following the ethnocentric approach assume the home country approach is best and that employees from other parts of the world can and should follow it. Advantages and Disadvantages of using local employees as staff in multinational subsidiaries (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, 1995) are as below Advantages Lower labour cost Acceptance of the company by the local community Maximizes the number of options available in the local environment Leads to recognition of the company as a legitimate participant in the local economy Effectively represents local considerations and constraints in the decision making process Disadvantages Makes it difficult to balance local demands and global priorities Leads to postponement of difficult local decision until they are unavoidable, when they are more difficult, costly and painful than they would have been if implemented earlier May make it difficult to recruit qualified personnel May reduce the amount of control exercised by headquarters Polycentric Each subsidiary manages on a local basis. A local employee heads a subsidiary  because headquarters managers are not considered to have adequate local knowledge. Subsidiaries usually develop human resource management practices locally. Advantages Cultural similarity with parent company ensures transfer of business/management practices Permits closer control and coordination of multinational subsidiaries Gives employees a multinational orientation through experience at parent company Establishes a pool of multinational experienced executives Disadvantages Creates problems of adaptability to foreign environment and culture Increases of the subsidiary May involve high transfer and salary costs May result in personal and family problems Leads to high failure rate Has disincentive effect on local management morale and motivation May be subject to local government restrictions Geocentric or global. The company that applies the global integrated business strategy manages its staff and employees on a global basis. Advantages In developing an international managerial team in global context Overcomes the federation Co-operation and resource have sharing across units Disadvantages Most of local citizens employed demands by host government Extensive documentation is required References Richard C. Hoffman Frank M. Shipper (2012): The impact of managerial skills on employee outcomes: a cross cultural study, The International Journal of Human Resource Management Brent MacNab, Richard Brislin Reginald Worthley (2012): Experiential cultural intelligence development: context and individual attributes, The International Journal of Human Resource Management. David G. Collings (2012): International Human Resource Management: Policies and Practices for Multinational Enterprises, The International Journal of Human Resource Management PAPER 2 Culture Definition Culture is the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people for perceiving, interpreting, expressing, and responding to the social realities around them (p. 9). Lederach, J.P. (1995). Nature of Culture Every nation possesses at minimum some differences such as laws, government and history when compared to others. The more nations in which a multinational organization works the more compound and complicated will be their HRM policies that effect business performance. Its common for the MNCs to work together with multiples of other countries. Variations in the national cultures pertaining to different countries and degree of complexity in understanding the cultural differences is one of the main challenges faced by IHRM in its modern and global operations. Importance of Human Resource Management Human resource management plays a key role in the organization in recruiting the most effective human resources into the organization. In achieving the organizational goal, the HR professional make of activities include sourcing, development, reward and performance appraisal towards the employees. In this process the Human resource managers have different mind sets towards the organizational goal. There are mainly four mind sets Ethnocentric In this ethnocentric, major strategic decisions are made at the headquarters of the organization. They are managing the subsidiaries by the expatriates from the home country. Polycentric In this polycentric, multinational enterprise treats their subsidiary as a distinct national entity. Regiocentric In this regiocentric, decisions are made within a geographic region. In decision-making, the regional managers enjoy a degree of regional autonomy and they not be promoted to headquarters. Geocentric In this geocentric, they follow global approach to its operations, identify the each part and make a unique contribution with its unique competence. Hofsteds Study The research of the author Geert Hofstede, primarily reliant on review data attained from two organization approach studies performed has offered seminal insights of the changing cultural tendencies over the global barriers. A group of five dimensions are recognized involving power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, Long-term versus short-term orientation and Masculinity versus femininity Power/Distance It explains about the degree of inequality in among the people with and without power. In this case, when the power/distance is high that indicates the society is in an unequal distribution of power and people in the system. Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) In this individualism, it explains that the individual are expected to take care of themselves and their related families only. In this collectivism, it means that the individual are expecting their relatives or group of members to take care after them in exchange for not loyalty. Masculinity Vs Femininity (MAS) In this dimension, the masculinity represents they preference the society for heroism, assertiveness, achievement and reward for success. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) In this uncertainty avoidance dimension, explains that the degree in which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. Long-Term Vs Short-Term Orientation (LTO) In this long-term orientation, they deal with societys search for virtue. In this dimension, people believe the truth on basis on situation, context and time. They also have ability to allow traditions to changed conditions and determination in achieving results. In this short-term orientation, they have strong concern with establishing the absolute truth; they think in normative way, respect the traditions and focus on achieving quick results. RECRUITMENT Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization. -by Edwin B. Flippo In every organization or company, recruitment plays a role in human resource in achieving the organization goal. Recruitment is a continuous process in which the company attempts to develop a pool of qualified applicants for the future human resources and needs even though specific vacancies do not exist. TYPES IN RECRUITMENTS INTERNAL RECRUITMENT Recruitment takes place within the organization. In the internal recruitment they recruit the employees from their own organization by three sources Transfers Promotions Re-employment of ex-employees In this way, the organization can save the money, time and efforts. By this approach the organization can have drawback in refrains the new blood into the organization. Internal recruitment has some advantages and disadvantages Advantages Quickly and cheaper to recruit Employees are well-known to same business and operations Opportunities for promotions within the organization Disadvantages Numbers of potential applicants are in limits No new ideas can be implemented EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT External recruitment takes place outside the organization. The sources for the recruitment into the organization are Advertisements Employment exchange Labour contracts Educational institutes It involves a lot of time, money and effort in recruiting of new applicants into the organization. There are some advantages and disadvantages in the external recruitment Advantages New ideas come from new people Identify the right person for the right job Experience employee Disadvantages Big process to recruit the new applicants More expensive RECRUITMENT IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE In international organizations, it is not easy to recruit the people from different cultural backgrounds and Human resource managers need to identify and ensure that the recruited people are eligible and having right skills and knowledge for the right position in the international role. Culture plays a key role in recruitment process in the organization. It involves in hiring talent from different cultures and it can influence in key recruitment practices such as interviews, assessments and applicants. Understanding the persons cultural background determine not only what holidays they celebrate, which language they speak but virtually we must understand and aspect of social and professional life is important. Diverse cultural backgrounds, different behaviours and attitudes can create confusion, misunderstandings and false perceptions are some factors while hiring new employees into the organization. For example: Job interviews conducted by the UK Company in INDIA may not get effective result in hiring the best candidates as a result of large cultural differences in between two countries. There are some keys areas in which the interview may fail as a lack of cultural awareness and cross cultural differences. In UK culture, the people are openness and directness are highly valued so that, the UK interviews may tend to ask the questions around the professional background of applicants. But in INDIA culture, people are some where they are closed-minded and may be difficult for the Indian people to tell for the direct questions and make them uncomfortable and not respond appropriately. In UK culture, the interviewer interviews the candidates in face to face .Face to face communication plays important role in recruitment. But in the case of INDIAN culture, there are different steps in recruiting the candidates such as writing test, communication test and then finally interview test. Another factor difference in culture between UK and INDIA while in interviewing the applicant the most important is eye contact. In interview process, the eye contact is most important that means it shows the applicant is confidence. References http://www.carla.umn.edu/culture/definitions.html http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/culture.html http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html http://recruitment.naukrihub.com/meaning-of-recruitment.html http://www.managementstudyguide.com/types-of-recruitment.htm http://blog.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/hiring-overseas-can-cultural-awareness- training-help-hr-professionals-manage-the-economic-crisis/ Paper 3 INTRODUCTION In this globalization, there are plenty of imperative and expatriate managers in doing international improvements for the challenging implications for IHRM. The development of multinational in the emerging countries is important factor in which to analyze and realize the organization structures and policies in complex situations. The imperative and expatriate managers from host and third countries into the home country organization in order to hold potential in developing of future global managers. In todays business environment, the globalization was approaching the status of a strategic norm and it is becoming strategic necessity. In increasing of business globalization there is necessarily of adaptation of human resource procedures, people and identifying the people who can facilitate the organization adaptation of global strategies while responding to local markets and competition. In the globalization, in competitive field the organization must develop their managers and protect them as core competencies which the company allows to compete effectively. In this growing consensus, the organization must have global human resource management architecture, reflecting the quantity and quality of global managers may be important resources of the organization capability to compete in the competitive world. IHRM IN EMERGING MARKETS In present economic environment, emerging markets are treated as economic engines for growth of MNCs in developed and matured economies. These emerging markets are important as they are rapidly expanding in certain areas like population, economic growth rate and having the opportunities or risk to attract the investors. Countries such as MEXICO, ARGENTINA, TURKEY, RUSSIA, POLAND, BRAZIL, CHINA, SOUTH AFRICA, INDIA and SOUTH KOREA are some of the emerging nations. In future, the vast majority of the population is to be in emerging countries due to this global expansion. There is rapid growth in emerging markets, which shows that there is more demand for both industrial and consumer goods and services. In the near future MNCs from emerging countries will have common uniqueness appropriate to European and United States based MNCs. Main difference is in economic development and cultural distance between the developed and emerging countries and it is the main reason for increase in the requirement of HR managers in MNCs, who are willing, capable ,understand and manage cultural differences between these distinct countries. If a HR manager is from native emerging county, they have ability to understand and forecast the future in different specific socioeconomic and cultural situations and add strategic value to MNCs. Most of the MNCs expanding their business into emerging markets and they need managers with specific social knowledge and ability to conduct revenue generating business in these countries. These MNCs believe in managers who can effectively operate in economically/culturally distant countries and this is key resource for creating competitive advantage and finally success for MNCs in the global market. MNCs treat HRM as important, knowledge intensive core competency, which have to be developed within the organisation. They treat this as must have to maintain competitive advantage over other organisations or other MNCs. This strategic international human resource management is focus on building process and procedures for utilizing personnel as a competitive asset. In recent survey they found that 81% of the companies felt, to expand their organization into emerging countries (expatriate manager program, 1997). In achieving the organization goal, in this competitive world the international human resource management managers identify the framework for emerging countries which is shown below. A conceptual framework of strategic HRM for emerging MNEs Internationalization Outcomes IHRM Philosophy, policy, practice Internationalization Drivers Practice Staffing, evaluating, rewarding and developing a global workforce Expatriation Vs Impatriation Talent attraction retention Vs diversity management Policy Fit between corporate subsidiary Centralized Vs Decentralized in decision-making Control communication Internal drivers Corporate vision mission Corporate structure strategy Resource seeking via MA Efficiency orientation Experience in international business Choice of host country Industry size External drivers Domestic global competitive demands Changing global market environment Government policy resource support Invited by developing host countrys government to revitalize economy Networking with local firms to industrialize Global village concerns Satisfy multiple stakeholders Cultural sensitivity local responsiveness Economic development in industry sectors Social harmony, peace and stability MNE goals Effectiveness in resource allocation Global competitiveness Global co-ordination integration Flexibility, learning and further expansion Other important emerging context specific variables (including geo-political factors) Philosophy National culture Vs Corporate culture Global integration Vs Local responsiveness Sinocentrism Vs Globalism INTERNATIONALIZATION DRIVERS There are both external and internal drivers of internationalization similar to those proposed in the prior models as the background of Strategic Internationalization Human Resource Management (SIHRM). Two distinctive drivers for internationalization of MNCs at the global level are domestic and global competition demands and global market environment. In present decades, many emerging countries economics have adopted major economic reforms and they have largely integrated into global economics. For example: In recent decades, China has become emerging country in global economics. Most of the multinational corporations have identified the China market and they establish their operations and created enormous competitive pressure. Due to the globalization, the market environment was changing with the increasing free flow of information, flow of capital, and labour that helps in facilitate networking and transactions between internally and abroad. Multinational enterprises have more opportunities and threats in free market conditions. Of course they have more opportunities but they have to face different cultural dimensions and organizational frameworks both in home and in the host countries. They also face the challenges in order to adjust their policy and practices in response to the changing environments. Therefore the internal and external drivers for the internationalization of MNCs are most combined and create confluence effects. STRATEGIC IHRM PHILOSOPHY, POLICY AND PRACTICE SIHRM is essentially for the balancing MNCs inter-unit and within unit and also the needs for differentiation and standardization. SIHRM policy formulated with three concerns similar to those established MNCs First, they think about the subsidiaries that it manages independently or to be managed by the headquarters way of the MNCs. Second, they need to devote considerable energy, time and financial resources towards managing their global workforce. They have take decision making use of resources in achieving the goal of ultimate effectiveness in resource allocation by using either centralization or decentralization depending on circumstances. Third, they have to decide whether in sending the staff from headquarters or need to recruit the resources from locally, regionally and globally in order to carry out tasks generated in first and second points. The importance and roles of these international staff is able to control, co-ordinate and facilitate communication between headquarters and subsidiaries. IHRM practices are most important to the strategy need of any MNCs of those practices related to evaluating, rewarding, staffing and developing a global workforce. Of course the MNCs have lack in managerial experience and impatriate the managerial staff to the headquarters and allow the general staffing issue to local subsidiaries. It is important to acknowledge both the internal and external fit in the organization and internal fit for the set of IHRM philosophy, policy and practices and external fit for the environment. INTERNATIONALIZATION OUTCOMES In organizational level, the IHRM play a key role in achieving the effectiveness in resource allocation, efficiency, global integration, global competitiveness, flexibility and learning. But they also need to take into account are national, industry, global and community levels of concern when multi levels of drivers are considered. In general HRM often considers employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment. But it is difficult in multinational organization to satisfy the needs of the employees. It is important and need to recognize local conditions when applying the IHRM across different cultural and institutional environments in the globalization. By positive results, the organizations would provide feedback so that they could analyze the alignment of their corporate strategy, structure and systems and strengthen existing IHRM. It indicates that the outcomes from home and host countries, that the policy makers has focus on further development in further expansion.

Changing Views of Family in Society Essays -- Family

A Family Portrait: How the Picture Keeps Changing Growing up I believed that the three bears in the tale of Goldilocks were a family because they lived under the same roof and ate at the same table. I also believed that Barbie and her little sister, Skipper, were family because they looked alike, and that Mr. Potato Head and Mrs. Potato Head were family because they were married. Now that I am grown, my understanding of family has matured, and many sources have helped shape my belief. Carol Shields points out in her article, â€Å"Family Is One of the Few Certainties We Will Take with Us Far into the Future,† that all around us there are different definitions and symbols of family (Shields 558). In short, a family does not have to conform to a set mold to be considered a family. For example, a small family, such as Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head’s, still qualifies as a family. On the contrary, Webster supports a more traditional view that defines â€Å"family† as a household consisting of parents and their children. R elatives and those who share a mutual ancestor are also included in this definition (â€Å"Family† 215). Our culture’s interpretation of family is constantly changing, and an amendment to the definition should be allowed for. History tells us that a family consists of a man, a woman, and their children, but I believe that today, that definition should branch out to include non-traditional families, which in some cases could even include, pets and close friends. Thousands of years ago, a family consisted of a man, a woman, their children, their servant, and any children the man had with the servant. King Solomon from the Bible is said to have had seven-hundred wives and three-hundred concubines. His family was quite literally the siz... ...rom whether biological relatives or best of friends. Circumstances may alter the traditional sense of the word family, but human nature allows us to adapt and form our lives accordingly. With our ever changing society, maybe Hasbro Toys will someday have Mr. Potato Head leave the Missus for a certain lusty Radish and her two children. Works Cited Shields, Carol. â€Å"Family Is One of the Few Certainties We Will Take with Us Far into the Future.† Wall Street Journal, 1 Jan 2000. Elements of Argument. Eds. John E. Sullivan III and Deborah Baker. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006. 558-563. Smiley, Jane. â€Å"Why Do We Marry?† Utne Reader, Sep/Oct 2000. Elements of Argument. Eds. John E. Sullivan III and Deborah Baker. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006. 563-564. â€Å"Family.† Webster's New World Dictionary. Ed. Victoria Neufeldt. New York City: Pocket Books, 1995. 215.

Malcolm X Essay -- essays research papers fc

Malcolm X No one really knows what kind of impact Malcolm X would have had on history if he had not been assassinated. His beliefs and philosophy did gain him a place in history as one of the best-known Black Nationalist Leaders. Everyone seems to have known who Malcolm X was, and he ranks high with all other Black leaders. His ideas were radical and he was very out spoken. He was a major force in the development of black history. He fought not only for his people but also for all oppressed people everywhere. He was well spoken and he laid the groundwork for the black power movement of the late l960’s. Malcolm X was born on May 19, l925 to Rev. Earl and Louise Little in Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm Little developed his own ideas and philosophies because of the many events that took place in his life. These events mostly tragic, created the path that Malcolm would travel. His father was his main influence. He was a Baptist minister who believed in freedom and equal rights for black people. He wanted a black nation in America and went underground with secret meetings to further these ideas. Sadly, when Malcolm was six years old, his father was murdered. After the murder his mother was institutionalized and all of the children went to live with neighbors. Malcolm decided to go on with his life an attended a white school. However, he soon realized that he was still treated unequally with whites because he was black. After leaving school Malcolm eventually went to live with his sis...

Man + Woman = Family :: same sex marriage, argument

Man + Woman = Family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Catholic bishops of Alaska have urged their people to approve a state  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   constitutional amendment declaring that a valid marriage may exist between one man and one woman.† A decision made last February by Supreme Court Judge Peter Michalski opened the door to change the nature of marriage. It dismisses male and female sexuality as an important role in marriage. It eliminates the possibility of the procreation of children. It changes also the meaning of family (National Catholic Reporter, 1998). If same-sex marriages are legalized, we will soon forget what a real family should consist of†¦.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is very important to realize the importance of a man and a woman’s sexuality when in wedlock. When God created man and woman, he made a special contour of the two bodies to come together and interlock in a comfortable position. When the opposites do come together a child is soon after born. This is not possible with two of the same sex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To have a child come into the world is one of the greatest things in life. When two people share equally, this phenomenon of childbirth, it naturally bonds a husband and wife together forever. If you married the same sex and adopted a child you would never experience that type of a bond.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of time a family tree has had a man and a woman resting at the peak. Sexual relations between a man and a woman will keep the tree full of branches for many years to come. When the same sex get married it will eliminate the growth of new branches. Eventually, the roots will be gone and the tree will die. Fortunately for me, my family tree is full of strong branches, and it gets bigger and bigger each year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my short time on this Earth, I have found out why it is important for a man and a woman to be united as one. There are a lot of differences between the two sexes. In a same-sex marriage, the opportunity to enjoy those differences will cease to exist. I know this because I am married to the opposite sex myself. Together we have found out just how different a man and a woman really are.

Is Medical Marijuana a Good Thing?

Is Medical Marijuana a good thing? Medical Cannabis or as most know it, Medical Marijuana, is parts of the herb cannabis used as a doctor- recommended form of medicine. It also refers to synthetic forms of cannabinoids, which are a class of diverse chemical compounds that activate cell membrane receptors, like Tetrehydrocannabinol (THC), which is why it is recommended from doctors as well. THC is the psychoactive drug in Medical Cannabis that works with the central nervous and immune system to help reduce pain seen in different medical issues, like cancer patients or patients with AIDS. Medical Cannabis is illegal in most countries.In the United States, federal law outlaws, all use of herb parts from Cannabis, while some states have approved use of herb parts from Cannabis as medical cannabis in conflict with federal law. The United States Supreme Court ruled that the federal government has a right to regulate and criminalize cannabis, even for medical purposes. A person can therefor e be prosecuted for a cannabis-related crime. Medical Cannabis has been known to be used as a good thing as well, like to alleviate pain. Medical Marijuana is looked at from many perspectives, for example, physicians, medical organizations, and even government officials.They all have different views. Some think it is a good thing and others bad. It is also looked at as health risks and treatment options as well. Some people support medical marijuana because it helps with pain when dealing with certain diseases like HIV/AIDS or cancer. One supporting factor of medical marijuana comes from the, â€Å"Medicinal and Recreational Marijuana Use by Patients Infected with HIV†. There are many types of cannabis but the most commonly used for medicinal purposes are hybrids of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indicia, which are believed to produce differing therapeutic effects (215-216).Bendayan says, â€Å"Marijuana has been used for its medicinal properties for thousands of years in a wi de variety of condition. Physicians in ancient China used Marijuana to control pain in childbirth, as well as for constipation and appetite stimulation† (222). It has also been used for the treatment of chronic pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, mood disorders, and much more. It has been suggested that persons with HIV/AIDS are the largest group of medical marijuana users in both Canada and the United States.A study was done and it showed, as compared with placebo, marijuana and Dronabinol, a pill form of THC, dose increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIV positive medical marijuana users. It also showed an improved ration of sleep within the patient as well. Another study was shown in the article, â€Å"Is marijuana medicinal? † Donald Abrams pronounces, â€Å"We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled study of cannabis for patients with HIV-related peripheral neuropathy at San Francisco General Hospital because preclinical studies and anecdotal patient reports said it was helpful† (38).After a 2-day run-in period, patients were to smoke cannabis or placebo three times a day for 5 days. Among 50 patients who completed the study, neuropathic pain decreased by about 34% with cannabis versus 17% with placebo. This plainly shows that smoking medical marijuana helps with pain. Another reason some people support medical marijuana is it isn’t a hard drug like most think it is and the Federal Government should not be involved.This Magazine discusses in the article, â€Å"High time a change: legendary pro-pot lawyer Alan Young prepared to fight the feds’ drug laws yet again†, how marijuana is not harmless as the federal government makes it out to be. He thinks that, â€Å"marijuana is relatively harmless compared to the so-called hard drugs, and including tobacco and alcohol† (Consiglio 6). He convinced the courts that prohibiting pot was unconstitutional for patients under medical supervision. Young also b elieves that if the Bill C-15 is passed, which states that if Canadians get caught with more than five marijuana plants then you shall be sentences for six months.Young strongly disagrees and thinks that they are trying to use the law to solve every problem. He makes a plan with three steps included. â€Å"First, he plans to strike down MMAR seed policies preventing patients from purchasing anything other than a single, domestic strain. Then, he'll fight to increase the grower-patient ratio (it's currently one-to-two). Lastly, and for Young most importantly, he plans to create an impediment for raids of authorized grows by requiting an initial Health Canada inspection† (Consiglio 6).He accepts that the bill will be upheld. He wants to help people that actually use marijuana correctly to be able to without the law being in the way. Philippines Daily Inquirer says â€Å"Advocates of medicinal marijuana, however, claim the weed is safer and has fewer side effects than pharmaceu ticals† (â€Å"Drugs Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). In Canada, where medicinal marijuana is legal; the herb is reportedly being prescribed for relief of pain or persistent muscle spasms. Marijuana’s highs and lows were both shown on medical marijuana. â€Å"Proponents for legalizing arijuana tout its pain-relieving benefits and use by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments; opponents stress that science has yet to prove the drug is safe† (CNN Wire). Six thousand studies have been shown about the cannabis plant, according to NORML, which is an organization that believes marijuana should be legalized. â€Å"Our bodies make natural cannabinoids, or active chemicals that cause drug-like effects through the body, according to the National Cancer Institute. The main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana — delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC — works in the same way as these natural chemicals†.Also another study was done with Type II diabetes; cannabis lowers the risk of having diabetes because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Men’s Health Magazine discusses, â€Å"how the active ingredient in pot may potentially prevent heart attacks. Harvard researchers pumped mice with cholesterol for 11 weeks, and then gave them low doses of THC† (â€Å"Pot Luck† 44). THC reduced inflammation in the rodents' blood vessels. On the other hand, The National Drug Abuse says that marijuana can put users at risk for heart attack or stroke because it increases you heart rate and it contains many carcinogens.Other researchers found that it cause people, especially teens to lose IQ points. â€Å"Adults who had smoked as teens tended to show more pronounced deficits in memory, concentration, and overall brainpower in relation to their peers† (CNN Wire). Mostly, marijuana is smoked for medical purposes or to take away stress. The good thing is, it’s at a low rate for addiction, and no possible ove rdoses have ever been reported. Some people oppose marijuana because they say it increases pain. â€Å"Medical News Today reported on a study that found that active ingredients such as those in marijuana tend to prolong pain.Medical News Today noted that this was surprising since marijuana often said to relieve pain. Researchers said that marijuana many be useful in some situations but conclude that it should be used with great care for pain relief in light of the study† (â€Å"Marijuana Use†). Also an experiment was done with rodents and human, explained in the issue of Science, which propose that these â€Å"endocannabinoids†, which are made in the human body from smoking medical marijuana can actually prolong pain rather than relieve it. Researchers recruited human volunteers to determine whether a compound that blocked endocannabinoid receptors would have an effect on the increased sensitivity to pain (hypergalesia) and tendency for normally non-painful stim uli to induce pain (allodynia) often reported in areas of the body near where acute pain has been inflicted† (â€Å"Marijuana Use†). The volunteers did not show reduction in perceived pain but has less hyperalgesia and allodynia. The results matched up well with the endocannabinoid hypothesis very well.Models showed that cannabinoids over-activating the pain system and it just doesn’t seem like a good idea to further increase this effect. Another reason people oppose medical marijuana is because it is based on science and politics. They also confirm that it has no medical use. â€Å"The FDA’s Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is Based on Science†, an article that was written about how marijuana has no medical use and it should be outlawed. The Drug-Free Action Alliance states, â€Å"Different organizations argue that marijuana should be evaluated for use in the same scientific manner as any other substance.The viewpoint states that at th e moment evidence indicates that marijuana has no medical use. However, the organizations argue that marijuana should not be legalized through voter or legislative initiative, because such initiatives are not scientific†. A lot of places including the American Medical Association (AMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and even the American Cancer Society does not support smoked marijuana as medicine. The AMA believes that there should be more research into any therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids-based medicines. Medical organizations believe that safer treatments exist.For example, Marinol, which is taken orally, and it’s a synthetic version of THC. It is also available in all fifty states. â€Å"The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the sole federal agency that approves drug products as safe and effective for intended indications†. â€Å"Marijuana is listed in schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), the most restrictive schedule. The D rug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which administers the CSA, continues to support that placement, and FDA concurred because marijuana met the three criteria for placement in schedule I under 21 U. S. C. 12(b) (1) (e. g. , marijuana has a high potential for abuse, has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and has a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision)† (â€Å"Drug-Free.. †). There are alternative approved medications for treatment of the purposes of smoked marijuana. In the article, The FDA’s Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is Based on Politics reports that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a statement declaring that marijuana has no safe medical uses. Sidney Spiesel says â€Å"that this statement is not based on science.The best evidence, Spiesel argues, suggests that marijuana may have medical uses but that further study is needed. Spiesel contends, however, that the governmen t has blocked marijuana research. He concludes that the FDA's statement is based on politics, and he calls into question the objectivity of government science. † In both cases the FDA does not approve medical marijuana; it is clearly blames on both science and politics. My opinion of medical cannabis is I believe that it should be used for medical purposes because I consider that it could possibly alleviate pain.A doctor or provider should keep a check on how much is smoked by the user. They should also have random checks of the patient and how intense their pain is. I believe that your prescription should be taken away if you are caught selling it or abusing the drug. I know that marijuana makes people sleep well and have a hardy appetite and should be given for the right purposes, like anorexia. I think if we got rid of Marijuana, people would be doing harder drugs that could possibly turn into an addiction for them and may cause more deaths from overdose.I feel that there a re more supporting views when it comes to using marijuana medically. In conclusion, medicinal marijuana has many supporting and opposing views. The analysis conclude that medical marijuana can increase or decrease pain or should the federal government and FDA be involved or not. All of the outlooks have many supporting details as well. Medical marijuana is politically, medically, and scientifically viewed and different matters are discussed and laws are being made about this issue. Works Cited Abrams, Donald I. , and Jodie Trafton. â€Å"Is marijuana medicinal? † Internal Medicine News 15Apr. 2012: 38. Academic OneFile. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Consiglio, Alex. â€Å"High time a change: legendary pro-pot lawyer Alan Young prepares to fight the feds' drug laws yet again. † This Magazine May-June 2010: 6. Academic OneFile. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Drug-Free Action Alliance and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Association of Ohio. â€Å"The FDA's Opposition to Medical Marijuana Leg alization Is Based on Science. † Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana as Medicine. † 2011. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Drugs body says no to legalizing marijuana. † Philippines Daily Inquirer [Makati City, Philippines] 14 Nov. 2012. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Highs and lows of using marijuana. † CNN Wire 7 Nov. 2012. Academic OneFile. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Marijuana Use Can Increase Pain. † Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Discovery That Active Ingredient in Marijuana Spread and Prolong Pain Has Implications for Medical Use of Drug and Concepts of Chronic Pain. † Medical News Today. 2009. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Nov. 012. â€Å"Pot luck. † Men's Health July-Aug. 2005: 44. Academic OneFile. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. R Benda yan, et al. â€Å"Medicinal And Recreational Marijuana Use By Patients Infected With HIV. † AIDS Patient Care ; Stds 18. 4 (2004): 215-228. CINAHL with Full Text. Web. 26 Nov. 2012 Spiesel, Sydney. â€Å"The FDA's Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is Based on Politics. † Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"All Smoke: The FDA's Statement on Medical Marijuana Isn't About Science. † Slate. 2006. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 Nov. 2012.