Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Injustices in the American Justice System Essay examples

The Justice system seeks to prevent crimes and to capture those who have committed crimes. But what are the causes of crime, maybe poverty, or greed, or is sometimes caused by the system. Is the risk worth the reward and is reward the worth risking the punishment? Power and influence is threaded deeply into the Criminal Justice System. Are all offenders caught and processed with the same demeanor and given the same punishment? The system needs to be impartial to all offenders regardless of the offender’s social position, job or yearly income. The general punishment for most crimes is incarceration in most states with a difference in duration to adjust per each crime. This is the deterrent against crime. This is what should be keeping†¦show more content†¦According to a release from the Bureau of Justice Statistics in the year of 2012 35% of the prison populations were white and 38% were black. (bjs.gov) In the year of 2012 there was only a 3% difference between white and black prisoners, yet according to the US Census Bureau in the year of 2012 in arrests made, white arrests were at seven million, and black was at 3 million. (census.gov) Even with double the arrests made somehow the actual incarceration rate of inmates is still with blacks leading by 3%. As stated above the arrests of white people were nearly double that of black yet the amount of people in prison remains at a 3% difference. Most of it boils down to money, in another census in 2012 the average income of a black male was nineteen thousand, compared to a white male who earned in average thirty thousand. (census.gov) With a higher income they have a better chance of both being able to afford a better lawyer or even paying such fines to avoid jail. People are not afforded the same chances equally in this system. Those with a higher income can afford a better lawyer and a better lawyer who can argue down the punishment. It is a flawed idea to allow criminals to lighten their punishm ent with money. Inequalities exist within every system. Stories are often told of people escaping punishment for crimes due to their â€Å"acting†. When one asks, are all criminal offenders given and offered the same opportunities? TheShow MoreRelatedInjustice Of The American Justice System1937 Words   |  8 PagesInjustice for all appears to be the recent motto of the American justice system in the previous years. This system, increasingly known, infamously, for the wrongful incarcerations of many innocent citizens is in large part due to prejudice and a lack of due diligence by society s finest, the police. Police departments’ focus on making the collar often leads to the use of various forms of torture such as mental, emotional, and even physical coercion. Errors of fact fail to be discovered, and wrongfulRead MoreInjustice Is An Unfair Treatment1209 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples of injustice in America? Before you start to answer that question, consider what the word injustice m eans. Injustice is like a plague. If one person doesn’t speak up about unfair treatment, they are allowing injustice to infect everyone. The Webster dictionary definition states, â€Å"Injustice is an unfair treatment or situation in which the rights of a person or a group of people are ignored (Merriam-Webster).† There are various examples of injustice in the Criminal Justice System, the occupationRead MoreInjustice Is An Unfair Treatment1212 Words   |  5 PagesInjustice in America What are some examples of injustice in America? Before you start to answer that question, consider what the word injustice means. Injustice is like a plague. If one person doesn’t speak up about unfair treatment, they are allowing injustice to infect everyone. The Webster dictionary definition states, â€Å"Injustice is an unfair treatment or situation in which the rights of a person or a group of people are ignored (Merriam-Webster).† There are various examples of injustice in theRead MoreTime to Kill1283 Words   |  6 Pagesminorities in America. All jurors were white and with the combination of racism it made it seem like injustice was certain. For example, Jake Brigance, the lawyer for Carl Lee filed for a change of venue. The reason for this was that he knew the jury would be comprised of white jurors, where his client was of African American decent. He knew that a white jury would be racially prejudicial towards an African American defendant. At this time in Am erica, such an assertion would not have been unfounded. SimilarlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Lauryn Hill Mystery Of Iniquity1347 Words   |  6 PagesNov.14.2017 Eng. 102 Lauryn Hill Lauryn Hill was and still is an iconic individual of the African American Hip Hop genre. She is known for her enlightening lyrics and historical puns that resonate with her listeners. During a time where blacks were being served with the injustice of society and being defied the moral code of citizenship, Ms. Hill released a song-like poem that not only told our story but spread the message of frustrationRead MoreStructural Injustice In The Criminal System Can Occur Due1344 Words   |  6 PagesStructural injustice in the criminal system can occur due to an individual’s implicit bias affecting their discretionary actions; however, the central question rests in who bears the moral responsibility of this injustice? In my opinion, individuals and sovereign institutions share the moral responsibility for the structural injustice that results when implicit bias influences discretionary actions in the criminal justice system, but the greater responsibility is vested in officials w ith authorityRead MoreCommon And John Legend Did A Collaboration On The Song `` Glory ``1149 Words   |  5 Pagesminority especially African Americans. Freedom is supposed to be a top priority for us (society). However, nobody realizes that African Americans do not have any freedom because we are being oppressed by society as well as the government. The speaker’s perspective is coming from African Americans that are fed up with the injustice in today’s society and they would like to fight for their freedom, equality, glory, and respect. The speaker’s intended audience is African Americans, Caucasians, Law enforcersRead MoreAnalysis Of Lauryn Hill Mystery Of Iniquity1321 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom New Jersey expresses her strong emotion on the justice and legal system in her song, Mystery of Iniquity. The Mystery of Iniquity is a verse taken from the bible; 2 Thessalonians 2:7. The word iniquity means immoral or grossly unfair behavior. In her song, she exposes her truth and views of the legal system. She touches on multiple topics such as religion, policing, court systems and orders, the president, and the amount of African Americans incarcerated. This song was released in the early 2000sRead MoreRacism And Inequality : An Adult Homework Helper For The Sumner Library870 Words   |  4 Pageshas been centered around injustice and inequality in society. These ethical questions explored in our literature are inherently tied to public life in that they analyze how communities and societies should handle these injustices. Multiplication is for White People by Lisa Delpit and the episode of the podcast â€Å"This American Life: Three Miles† illustrate the systemic inequality ingrained in the educational system of the United States, while Michael J. Sandel’s book Justice explores how communitiesRead MoreEssay On Social Injustice1495 Words   |  6 PagesSocial justice has changed lives through consistent group organization, cons istent preparation, and with the creation of a strong foundation and leaders. Social justice is the idealization that society gives groups or individuals from a variety of different backgrounds and representations the right to equally share benefits such as opportunities and resources along with being treated fairly by others from all backgrounds and statuses (Chung Bemak, 2011). As a society, we hear less about social

Monday, December 16, 2019

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Strategies Free Essays

string(77) " the emphasis is furthermore not put on the culmination of the activity \(i\." The aim of this study is to explore how both intrinsic (i.e. perceived enjoyment) and extrinsic (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. perceived usefulness) motivations can be use by team leaders to empower and motivate their teams to reach their fullest potential. Numerous theories were scrutinised in order to analyse the two theoretical concepts and their applicability to organisations. The outcome of the research suggested that there is no cohesive strategy, or â€Å"strategic fit† that would apply directly to a specific situation, instead it was conclude that in organisation creative people are motivated from within and respond better to intrinsic rewards than extrinsic ones. INTRODUCTION Since the 21th century, the study of motivation became one of the most complex and fascinating topics in organisational psychology (Muchinsky 1996). The different theories and conceptions about employee motivations and how leaders can use the available literatures to enhance their employee’s performance have been discussed by many researchers (e.g Krueger, 1996, Herzberg, Mausner snyderman 1993). Motivating people at work is a crucial component of organisational behaviors and psychology. Leaders can use motivation to improve the physical and well-being of the organisation and its human capital, as a logical approach to enhance productivity and profitability (Hatch, 2002). Motivation is the inner drive that makes people act in a certain way (Herzberg, 1987), and it goes by the saying that â€Å"a well motivated and satisfied employee performed better than unsatisfied employees†. Work motivation phenomenon The pursuit for higher motivations at all levels of works has seemed treacherous in almost every organisational perspective. The unpredictability of human character and variegated mind-sets in human nature has made this phenomenon a challenging philosophy for every manager and researchers. Theoretical discussions gathered from the generalised conceptions of motivation argued how a team of people in different circumstances can meet with different stimulus; and what are the factors that energizes human behaviors and how these behaviors can be manage or channels to different directions. During the 1930s, Lewin (1938) attempted to analyse some of the factors that affected employees degree of motivation, amongst the divergent set of factors examined, he came up with a suggestion that subject perceptions is the main cause for employees motivation and de-motivations. Studies done by Deci and Ryan (1985a) classify human motivations into two aspects, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The concepts of these two theories (intrinsic and extrinsic motivations) explain in details why a task is carried out and what type of motivational drive causes certain behaviours. The concept of extrinsic and intrinsic The concept of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is quite problematic simply because the two theories work in opposition (Deci Ryan, 1985a). More straightforwardly expressed, intrinsic motivation is driven by a person’s internal interest and desire to do something, such as curiosity, enjoyment, and sense of challenge. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside a person, such as reward, promotion, or deadline (Amabile, 1997). Extrinsic motivational factors Extrinsic motivational factors refer to the performing of an activity in order to achieve an external goal. Noels (2002) cited Deci Ryan’s (1985a) self-determination theory which suggested that the external goals you strive for vary as to the extent of how much they are in fact self-determined. Extrinsic motivational factors serve mainly through monetary compensation, where wage, bonuses and result sharing are main applicators. When regard as such, an individual employment is merely a tool of satisfying direct or actual need by means of the money it generates (Frey and Osterloh, 2002). Monetary non-monetary motivational factors Non-monetary motivational factors simply refer to symbolic issues such as work promotion, rewards, development training courses, health benefits etc. A leader can use this approach to motivate team members as the need for employee recognitions are crucial. Such rewards can leave a symbolic effect on employees and group solidarity, which may ultimately enhance team performance (Lawler, 1990). Monetary motivation On the other hand, monetary motivational factors have a substantial cost of extrinsic value. A team leader can use salary/pay rise, bonuses or stock options to get people motivated within a team or organisation. Salary According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory (1943) salary increment is a proactive way to motivate employees. Herzberg (1993) believes that salary belongs to hygiene factors and can prevent job dissatisfactions. Lowering salary or salary demotion can significantly de-motivate employee’s enthusiasm. A leader can use salary increments or other forms of monetary rewards as a major strategy to influence employee job satisfaction (Lawler, 1990). Bonuses and commission Many organisations have adopted the means of bonuses and commissions to motivate employees in the organisation so that they could create synergy and reach the organisation goals (Lawler, 1990). It is often used to reach short term goals in order to stimulate the employee to work harder right away. Bonuses and commission are vital strategy especially when calculating people performances and contributions towards the organisation success (Hatch, 2002). Collective individual A collective motivational factor mainly focuses on team performance targets. Leader can use this motivational factor to provide a team with a fair distributive justice; such as equal pays and bonuses. On the contrary, many managers use individual motivational factors to few members of the organisation and contingent on individual performances (Chen et al, 1999). In opposition to those provided to a group these tend to be very differential. Intrinsic Motivational factors Intrinsic motivational factors regarded as the core activities and motivators of job satisfaction. The person performing the task is motivated because he or she enjoys the challenge and is not pushed upon it by external reward or pressure. Intrinsic motivation occurs because it is said to provide satisfaction of inner psychological needs (Frey and Osterloh, 2002). These psychological needs can be divided into three essential aspects from which intrinsic motivation can derive from: Job satisfaction The phenomenon of job satisfaction ultimately derived from the two theories discussed in the above literatures; monetary and non-monetary factors. But more specifically, job satisfaction is more associated job enrichment, achievement, job security, well-being, work values, turnovers, responsibilities and autonomy (Mitchell et al, 2001). When job satisfaction is attained by an individual, the emphasis is furthermore not put on the culmination of the activity (i. You read "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Strategies" in category "Essay examples"e. the completion), but satisfaction is also obtained through the process resulting in the completion (Frey and Osterloh, 2002). Rewards The issue of rewards is one of the most complicated problems when creating a well functioning and motivating team. According to Hatch, (2002) rewards are major tools a leader can used to retain, attract, motivate and satisfy employees. The whole concept and essence of rewards is to improve effectiveness and efficiency. When leaders aligned rewards with the organisational goals, efficiency is enhanced (Stredwick John, 2000). And whiles organisational goals are achieved; it is likely that the employees achieved their own personal goals (Atkinson Anthony A et, al., 1997). It is quit complicating for leaders to rightfully suggest the rewards that would fit each employee within a team simply because people needs change as they enter new stages of their life/career (Hatch, 2002) Personal goals achievement It is not just organisational goals that are the only set targets by employees; people also aligned their own goals along with the organisation goals (Atkinson Anthony A et, al., 1997). Leaders in every works of life must assist and encourage their employees to set achievable personal goals to in order enhance their employees’ potential. Discrepancies and comparisons between the two theories Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation Since analysts figured that employees are the key success factors to every organisation, different strategies had been outlined on how firms can get the best from their employees. However, there is no cohesive strategy or â€Å"one-fit-all-strategy† that will determine employees’ work motivation. In the late 1990s, Amabile’s (1997) investigates the comparisons and discrepancies between the two theories. Amabile’s research revealed that extrinsic motivation may combine with intrinsic motivation as a synergism instead of an antagonism under three conditions. Firstly, employees must be well devoted or be in a high intrinsic motivated state. A well devoted employee is like a loyal customer, regardless of the financial benefits or attractiveness; it is very unlikely that extrinsic motivation will undermine the intrinsic motivations. Secondly, Amabile tend to be versatile in his theoretical concepts. She suggested that some aspect of extrinsic motivation must adhere to. He cascaded extrinsic motivations into three different components, such as; informational and enabling and referred to them as synergistic motivators, which implies competences or improve performance like rewards, feedback, and recognition that confirm competence or provide information on how to improve work-related performance. And controlling motivator which is a directive approach and can executed when employees are being told on how efficient the work can/could have been done. Contrariwise, intrinsic motivations ignite a powerful inner drive or feelings of contentment that when employees meet their goals or undertaken activities they get total satisfactions. Frey and Osterloh (2002) further expanded the studies of in intrinsic motivations and suggested five critical aspects which intrinsic motivation can derive from. The more complex, challenging and demanding the activity, the more complicating it is to pinpoint the requirements in a hard-and-fast job description, the more crucial intrinsic motivation becomes.† (Frey Osterloh, 2002:21). Frey and Osterloh assumptions are: Firm-Specific Pool Resources Employee actions in an organisation have a tremendous ramification to the firm privies. Such actions may reflect and incorporate the company reputation, relationship with potential clients, corporate culture etc. In such circumstances, a self-centred employee with personal interest within an organisation may profit enormously from the organisation without making any contribution to the pool resources. It is quit difficult for leaders to satisfy or motivate such people; and their influences over other employees may de-motivate or hinder others work performances significantly (Konrad Pfeffer, 1990; Greenberg, 1990). In such case, well devoted employees that are motivated intrinsically will unify and support the firm-specific resource pool (Frey Osterloh, 2002). Multi-Tasking Employees are more intrinsically motivated when they are encouraged to explore and develop their potential, if they can perform multiple tasks within their organisation, (Frey Osterloh, 2002). Such strategy unites employees and open new doors to team spirit. Consequently, the higher complexity and diversity the work signifies, the more imperative the intrinsic motivation becomes (Holmstrom Milgrom, 1991). Fuzzy Tasking Whenever extrinsic compensation materialises, people mostly react unassumingly to the firmtarget goals. People will become unpredictable when they are faced with multiple alternatives and free choice among work targets; it is difficult to get them pursuing the challenging tasks (Frey Osterloh, 2002). The more financial incentives that are introduced to some people, the more effortless they become and they can also easily quantify tasks to facilitate the monetary compensation. Such behaviours are not favourable for a highly competitive company. The Transfer of Tacit Knowledge The transfer of tacit knowledge is one of the most essential elements of the core competence that differentiate a firm from its competitors. People are intrinsically motivated when they possesses more tacit knowledge than explicit knowledge (Polanyi, 1985) as this can enable them to work and support others with the information and knowledge they have. Creativity and Innovation Creativity and innovations can nurture and harness employee’s involvement and motivations significantly. Frey and Osterloh (2002) believed that when people are extrinsically motivated, it reflects a negative effect on the learning curve and the innovation processes. Amabile, (1996, 1998) support the concept and opined that extrinsic motivation can severely pressure employees to produce, since results often are demanded for the compensation to redeem. Left behind is an inaccurate and less meticulous result, which has been affected strongly by a monitored and less creative way of inventing (Amabile, 1996). Conclusion From all the analysis scrutinised above we can see that these two motivational theories are under researched and underexplored as there is no cohesive strategy or â€Å"strategic fit† that is directly applicable to a specific circumstances. The theoretical conceptions about these theories argued above; point out that employees are motivated when they are driven by either internal or external interest, or desire to do something. Hence human wants and mind-sets are variegated as they enter new stage of their life/career; it will remain a challenge for managers and researchers alike, to strategize the right rewards strategy that will applicable to all employees. However, from the analysis we can see that not all employees are intrinsically motivation, but creative people can seem to be more motivated from within and respond much better to intrinsic rewards that extrinsic ones. Depends on organisational specific; it is advisable that a team leader assess individual employees rewards needs and evaluate what strategies applicable for the team. How to cite Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Strategies, Essay examples

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Business Transfer Pricing Methods

Question: Describe about the Business Transfer Pricing Methods. Answer: Part A Transfer price is the price at which goods or/and services are bought and sold (transferred) between divisions of the same corporations. For example, in an automobile manufacturing company, if the subsidiary which manufactures tires sells them to the parent company, the price paid by the parent company for the tires is called the transfer price. The divisions of a large multi-department company can be treated as separately run companies with the use of transfer pricing. In contemporary accounting, different divisions of an organization are run as profit-centers, i.e they are accountable for their own profits. Now if a division transfers its goods to another division of the same company, what price should it use to determine its contribution margin? Similarly, if a division accepts transfers from another division, what cost should reflect on its profit and loss statement for these goods? A transfer price is used to determine these prices and costs. (Schuster, 2010) Different divisions of a company may be located in different countries with different tax norms. A company may use transfer pricing to lower its tax liabilities by lowering the profits of divisions located in countries with higher taxes. Similarly, it can raise profits of divisions which are located in countries with lower tax-rates, also known as tax havens. Therefore, there are regulations put in place by various governments on transfer pricing to curb corporate tax avoidance. (Chand, 2014) Transfer prices can be of following types: Market based transfer price: In this type of transfer pricing, transfer price is set equal to the market price of the product that is transferred. Such kind of transfer pricing is used when the market is perfect for the product that is transferred i.e The product should be homogenous i.e there should not be similar products with difference in quality. It should be as close to a commodity as possible. For example the capacitors that are used in a television are very close to a commoditized transferred product. There should only be one price of the product in the market for both the buyer and the seller. The seller should be able to sell the product in the market at the same price at which the buyer is expected to purchase that product in the market, at the least. For example, if the seller can sell the product at $90 in the market, the buyer should have to pay at least $90 in the market to buy the product. There should be no variable buying or selling costs. It should not be the case that if the seller wants to sell the product in the market instead of transferring it to the buyer, he has to incur an extra selling cost. Similarly, it should not happen that if the buyer wants to buy the same product in the market rather than transfer it from the seller, he has to incur excess transactional costs. The selling division should be operating at full capacity and should able to sell whatever quantity of product it is producing. In this case, the seller will have to forego external sales if it transfers any amount of product to the buyer. In order to compensate for the opportunity cost, the amount lost due to loss of external sale should be included in the transfer price. Thus, transfer price is equal to the market price. (Burkadze, 2016) In this type of transfer pricing, the minimum transfer price would be equal to the maximum transfer price and both the seller and the buyer would be happy with the market price as being the transfer price. This transfer pricing will help in providing a good basis for performance evaluation and reduce the animosity between divisions. However, such a kind of transfer pricing is rarely seen practically as there is always a certain amount of product differentiation which leads to there not be a single price for the product. Also, the market price may vary over very short periods of time due to external reasons such as promotions or the seasonality of the product.(APM Stuff, 2011) Cost- based transfer pricing: Full Cost Plus Pricing: Full cost includes the variable cost as well as the fixed cost involved in the production of the transferred product. Here the transfer price is set as the full cost plus some mark-up. This type of transfer pricing ensures a positive contribution margin for the selling division. However, the buying division may not be happy with this transfer price if it is greater than the market price of the product. Such kind of transfer pricing is suitable when there is no external market for the transferred product. Marginal Cost Plus Pricing: Marginal costs means the sum of all variable costs. It is the incremental cost incurred by the seller to produce the good or provide the service. Here the transfer price is set as the marginal cost plus some mark-up. It does not ensure a positive contribution margin for the seller. Selling division needs to add attach sufficient margin in order to recover its fixed costs. The selling division may not like this kind of transfer pricing if as it involves the risk of not recovering the fixes costs. The buying division will accept the transfer price if it is lower than the market price. This kind of transfer pricing is suitable when the selling division has some unused capacity. Marginal Cost Plus Opportunity Cost Plus Pricing: Opportunity cost is the loss of external sale opportunity due to selling of the product internally to the buying division. Marginal cost + Opportunity cost is the minimum transfer price that the selling division would accept. For selling division, there would be an incentive to transfer internally if a mark-up is added rather than selling it externally. Buying division will accept the transfer price only when the transfer price is lower than the market price. Such type of transfer pricing is used when there is no unused capacity at the selling division but there is still unmet market demand.(Investopedia, 2013) Negotiated transfer pricing: This type of transfer pricing is used in case of an imperfect market. In case of an imperfect market, there are transaction costs both for selling and buying division if they want to buy or sell in the external market, there are different market prices for the product. In such cases transfer prices cannot be set at market prices as the selling or buying divisions would work inefficiently at those prices. The management has to intervene in such situations to arrive at a negotiated transfer price between the buying and the selling division. The negotiated transfer price would lie between the minimum price at which the selling division is willing to sell and the maximum price at which the buying division is willing to buy. The negotiated transfer pricing can however be time consuming and can lead to sub-optimal decisions. It is strongly influenced by the bargaining skills of the selling and the buying division managers. Transfer pricing is used by the top level management of the corporations for the following purposes: Profit Allocation: Transfer prices are used by the companies to determine the profits of its various divisions, which are further used for appraisals and other financial reports. While transfer price is the revenue for the selling division, it is the purchase cost for the buying division. Multi-entity Corporations use the synergies between various divisions to lower their costs and increase their overall profits. Coordination: When a company is divided into divisions and divisional profit is the main determinant of performance measurement, divisional managers can make decisions keeping in mind only the profits of the divisions and not the company as a whole. This can lead to goal incongruence. Transfer prices decided by the centralized (top) management can influence the behavior of divisional managers and steer them to work for the betterment of the corporation. A higher transfer price leads to change in the production process of the buying division, leading them to a higher efficiency, as it reduces the amount bought by the buying division. A lower transfer price can lead to similar effects on the selling division. This exercise is also known as goal congruence. Calculation and cost accounting: Transfer prices are used to determine the cost of goods produced for the buyer division and the revenues for the seller division. This is further used for external regulatory purposes or for third party purposes. Transfer prices lead to simplification of a lot of cost accounting calculations. Tax Accounting: Transfer prices are used for optimization of taxes by the organizations and for other related payments. Companies structure their transfer prices based on such considerations. Some companies can (and do) manipulate their transfer prices using practices which are not always ethical to save tax liabilities. OECD has laid out guidelines to prevent such manipulations and applies the arms length principle. This principle requires the divisions to treat other divisions at an arms length, i.e as if the divisions were completely separate companies. They have to determine the arms length price, which can be difficult for cases where the product are differentiated. Different governments have entered into agreements between taxpayers regarding settling on transfer prices. They are called advance pricing agreements or APAs. APAs are based on well research documentation prepared by the taxpaying corporations for the government. They require a lot of negotiations between the taxpayer and the designated government tax authority. These agreements are generally effective retrospectively. Fraudulent transfer pricing is strongly dealt with by the governments and the relevant authority. Known as transfer mispricing, fraudulent transfer pricing relates to adjusting of transfer pricing by corporations to deceive tax authorities. For example, companies may have 2 subsidiaries with one in a tax haven and other in a high-tax regime. The one in tax haven will sell its product to an intermediate subsidiary at a low price resulting in low tax. While the intermediary will sell to the division in a high tax regime at artificially high prices so as to show low profits and hence low taxes. Such kind of manipulation is leading to capital flight from developing countries of Asia and Africa. (Lanewala, 2011) Part B Transfer pricing should not be based on total actual costs as this practice can be misused. An inefficient department can pass on its excess costs to the division which is buying its product and hence hide its inefficiencies. The division buying the product will hence have to show higher costs due to the higher price it is paying to the inefficient producing division. Similarly, an efficient producing division will have to sell its products at lower prices to the buying division, which can exploit the lower transfer costs to show higher margins. Thus, transfer prices based on total actual costs would not give a fair assessment of divisional performance. Cleaning and Scraping Division Processing Division Sale Price 95 160 Transfer Price 0 95 Direct Material 18 5 Direct Labour 12 10 Manufacturing overhead (variable) 30 10 Variable Selling Cost 5 0 Contribution margin 30 40 Following would be the price range acceptable to both divisions if negotiated transfer pricing is used and firms are allowed to buy/sell in the open market: Upper Limit: Market price = 95 Lower Limit: Total production cost + 20% margin = Direct Material + Direct Labour + Manufacturing overhead + 20% margin = 60 +12 = $72 Therefore the price range would be $72 - $90. As discussed in Part c, lowest transfer price acceptable to Cleaning and Scraping division would be $72. This would not be preferred by the manager of the Cleaning and Scraping division as it would mean a contribution margin of only (72-60=) $12. If it sells on the open market it would mean a contribution margin of $30. Thus the Cleaning and Scraping division will lose ((30-12)*400000=) $7,200,000 by accepting a transfer price of $72. This would not show a good performance by the Cleaning and Scraping division manager. References: APM Stuff, 2011, Different Types of Transfer Pricing Methods, Blogspot, viewed September 16, 2016 https://apmstuff.blogspot.in/2011/07/different-types-of-transfer-pricing.html Burkadze, E., 2016, Interaction of Transfer Pricing Rules and CFC Provisions, International Transfer Pricing Journal, viewed September 16, 2016 https://www.ibfd.org/IBFD-Products/Journal-Articles/International-Transfer-Pricing-Journal/collections/itpj/html/itpj_2016_05_int_3.html Chand, S., 2014, 5 Types of Transfer Pricing Methods used in International Marketing, Your Article Library, viewed September 16, 2016 https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/product-pricing/5-most-important-types-of-transfer-pricing-methods-used-in-international-marketing/5820/ Investopedia, 2013, Transfer Price, Investopedia, viewed September 16, 2016 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/transferprice.asp Lanewala, M., 2011, Types of Transfer Pricing for Measuring Evaluating Divisions, Management Accounting, viewed September 16, 2016 https://managementaccounting.accasupport.com/2012/08/types-of-transfer-pricing-for-measuring.html Schuster, P., 2010, Transfer Prices: Functions, types and behaviuoral implications, questia, viewed September 16, 2016 https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/4402?e=heisinger_1.0-ch11_s08

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Success Essays (462 words) - Belief, Epistemology, Truth, Motivation

Success Success: The achievement of something desired or attempted. Aim for success is an independent, non-profit, educational organization that promotes a life style of excellence by encouraging the development of self-control, self-respect, and self-discipline. Through live presentations students are encouraged to develop strong, responsible characters. We learned to speak one word after another. A sequence of thoughts can direct our brains to a series of actions that lead to ACCOMPLISHMEN. So how can we direct our brains and schedule ourselves for achievement? The series of thoughts that led to motivations, self-esteem, and accomplishment must be embed in the UNCONSCIOUS. I only have to mention three now: beliefs, decisions, and strategies. Beliefs are POWERFUL but they can remain just potential. You can have powerful beliefs all your life and never bring them to fruition. Decisions are NECESSARY. They are how we take a belief and decide to achieve prosperity. Strategies are necessary to bring beliefs and decisions to DYNAMIC achievement. SET for Success provides a self-evolutionary template that gives you step-by-step instructions for EMPOWERING beliefs, decisions, and strategies. You believe that you deserve to be more successful and you are absolutely right. That belief needs a decision, a spark. The brain evolved as our ancestors scratched, fought, and thought their way to survival and prosperity. It describes how we use five senses plus language to project images, provides floods of feelings, and creates logic in our internal dialogue. It teaches you how to use the mental tools that we all have we all have, our inheritance from our ancestors. It is easy to stagnate in life. Do the same routine things while life just whizzes by. Think back when you were a kid and you had all those dreams of your future. You may have planned on being and doing great things. Achieving success from living a totally empowered and fulfilling lifestyle. Can you feel the excitement you felt back then? The world was at your feet and you could do and be anything you chose. All the opportunity, the uncertainly and yet the unquestioning knowing that you would get exactly what you pictured and desired. So where are you now? Have you bogged down in the everyday chores of living? Are you struggling to make ends meet and thinking of embarking on that next plan to get where you think you ought to be in life or just get away from where you are. From my point of view success is achievement of one's purpose. I also found another definition of the word success that is very generous. It says that success is achievement of fame and wealth. But to be famous and rich does not mean that the person is successful in life. Psychology

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Macadamia Nut Poisoning in Dogs Essay Example

Macadamia Nut Poisoning in Dogs Essay Example Macadamia Nut Poisoning in Dogs Paper Macadamia Nut Poisoning in Dogs Paper Macadamia Nut poisoning in dogs| Roger Meadows| VET 123 Mrs. Owens | | Macadamia nuts come from the Macadamia tree grown in the United States, mostly found in Hawaii. They are popular ingredients found in cookies and candies or on a table during a party. Every year, calls are made to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center about dogs eating different amounts of macadamia nuts. The findings from these fairly rare calls have close to the same outcomes and are remarkably consistent (Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs, 2002). Macadamia nut toxicosis can last up to 48 hours and have symptoms that are very uncomfortable, though it is unlikely to be fatal in dogs. Dogs that have ingested macadamia nuts may look to be in pain, have weakness in the back legs, might acquire a low grade fever and tremors may start. This should all get better over a 48 hour period, but dogs experiencing more than mild symptoms should see a veterinarian, and care may include intravenous fluid therapy and pain control (ASPCA, n. d. ). 48 calls about dogs eating macadamia nuts came into the ASPCA APPC between 1987 to 2001. Weakness, depression, vomiting, ataxia, tremors, and hyperthermia are the clinical signs that were most reported. In 94% of the cases in which dogs had consumed macadamia nuts from the periods of 1998 to 2001, reports show at least one of these signs. Wide ranges of dosage were reported over the time period. Based on ASPCA APCC data, weakness was reported after dogs ingested as little as 2. 4 to as much as 62. 4 g/kg. Vomiting was reported to occur after the ingestion of 7 to 62. 4 g/kg. The mean amount of macadamia nuts ingested was estimated to be 11. 7 g/kg (range 2. 2 to 62. 4 g/kg). The reported time from ingestion of nuts to development of clinical signs was less than 12 hours in 79% of the cases. These clinical signs of toxicosis were reproduced in the laboratory after administering 20 g/kg (about 2 tsp. /lb. ) of commercially prepared roasted macadamia nuts to four healthy dogs via a stomach tube. (Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs, 2002) The dogs developed marked weakness with the inability to stand on their rear legs by 12 hours after dosing. Extensive blood tests were performed, but only serum lipase activities were elevated. All dogs appeared normal within 48 hours. Tremors were not noted in the perimentally exposed dogs. The reports of tremors in the field cases were probably related to muscle weakness (Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs, 2002). â€Å"In a search of the human medical literature revealed reports of anaphylactic reactions to macadamia nuts similar to other nut IgE-mediated hypersensitivities† (Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs, 2002). In this medical collected works, no symptoms similar to what happens in dogs are found in human reports. There has been found in the macadamia nut kernel a protein that reveals antimicrobial, but the importance of this research is unknown. Why dogs show signs of toxicosis when they eat macadamia nuts it not really know. Why dogs are getting sick may be specific to the dog or involve the ingredients of the nuts themselves. Toxins from processing, mycotoxins or other unidentified causes may also be at fault (Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs, 2002). Macadamia nut toxicosis is based on a history of known exposure and consistent clinical signs for a diagnosis. Macadamia nut identification in vomit or stool, empty containers that have been chewed up, or if the dog was seen eating the nuts are all part of the history of exposure. Chocolate-covered macadamia nuts also may result in methyl xanthine toxicosis and should be treated accordingly if thought to have been eaten. If a dog shows signs of back leg weakness and no nervous system involvement or musculoskeletal pain or and signs of wounds then macadamia nut poisoning should be considered (Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs, 2002). Make your dog vomit as soon as possible and then call your vet immediately if you think your dog has eaten macadamia nuts with in the last hour. By having your dog vomit you can reduce the amount of nuts digested by the dog, so if you could not get your dog to vomit then the veterinarian will do it for you. Activated charcoal coats the lining of the digestive system and that will reduce the amount of nuts digested so your veterinarian may give this also. Until the toxin passes out of your dog’s system he will be treated as each new symptom appears. Hyperthermia is treated by cooling the body’s core temperature. Cool wet towels can be used to cover the body and even intravenous fluids will work. Never use an ice bath, because this could cause the problem to get much worse. If the dog’s body temperature has been significantly elevated for a long period of time, the dog’s clotting mechanisms can be severely compromised. In this case, the dog would need possible plasma transfusions and heparin therapy† (Macadamia Nut Poisoning in the Dog, 2011). Medications can help to stop the trembling if sever e muscle tremors start. A fast or racing heart rate can be treated with medication if need be. These medications will be stopped after the dog begins to return to normal (Macadamia Nut Poisoning in the Dog, 2011). In most cases, the dog can return home in around 48 hours as the signs are mostly gone by then. The prognosis for complete recovery with no evidence of complications is very good for most dogs with the common signs. Dogs regularly return to normal within 24 to 48 hours according to the ASPCA APCC’s experience, with only observation at home. Every case managed by the ASPCA APCC has resulted in complete recovery to date (Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs, 2002). Macadamia nut ingestion in two pet dogs; Case 1 â€Å"In December 2000, the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) received a call involving a 1. 5-year old, castrated, 14. 1-lb (6. 4-kg) bichon frise that reportedly ingested 4 oz. f macadamia nuts (17. 7 g/kg) late in the day. The owner reported that seven and a half hours after ingestion, the dog vomited a large quantity of macadamia nuts and could not stand or walk without support. The ASPCA APCC veterinarian advised the owner, based on the clear evidence of macadamia nut exposure and the consistency of the clinical signs with known field and research cases, t hat recovery without treatment was expected within 12 to 36 hours. The dog remained at home under observation. When contacted by phone three days after exposure, the owner reported that the dog’s clinical signs had subsided. The owner did not recall exactly when the dog had returned to normal† (Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs, 2002). Case 2 â€Å"In July 2001, the ASPCA APCC received a call involving a 9-year-old, castrated, 26. 8-lb (12. 2-kg) cocker spaniel that reportedly consumed 5. 3 oz. of macadamia nuts (12. 3 g/kg) one hour earlier. The dog was reported to be moderately ataxic with muscle tremors and mild dyspnea. In this case, the attending veterinarian administered an enema and provided pain relief combined with other symptomatic and supportive care before contacting the ASPCA APCC. No additional treatment procedures were recommended. Within nine and a half hours, the clinical signs resolved, and the dog fully recovered† (Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs, 2002). Referemces Macadamia nut poisoning in the dog. (2011). Vet blog. Retrieved on August12, 2011 from http://vetblog. co. uk/vetblog/macadamia-nut-poisoning-in-the-dog Macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs. (2002). aspcapro. Retrieved onAugust15, 2011 from www. aspcapro. org/mydocuments/x-toxbrief_0402. pdf ASPCA. (n. d. ). Virtual pet behaviorist. Retrieved on August 16, 2011 from aspcabehavior. org/articles/71/Foods-That-Are-Hazardous-to-Dogs-. aspx

Friday, November 22, 2019

Food Shortages Due to Global Warming, Study Warns

Food Shortages Due to Global Warming, Study Warns Half of the world’s population could face severe food shortages by the end of this century as rising temperatures shorten the growing season in the tropics and subtropics, increase the risk of drought, and reduce the harvests of dietary staples such as rice and maize by 20 percent to 40 percent, according to a study published in the journal Science. Global warming is expected to affect agriculture in every part of the world but it will have a greater impact in the tropics and subtropics, where crops are less able to adapt to climate change and food shortages are already starting to occur due to rapid population growth. High Highs Scientists at Stanford University and the University of Washington, who worked on the study, discovered that by 2100 there is a 90 percent chance that the coolest temperatures in the tropics during the growing season will be higher than the hottest temperatures recorded in those regions through 2006. Even more temperate parts of the world can expect to see previously record-high temperatures become the norm. Higher Demand With the world population expected to double by the end of the century, the need for food will become increasingly urgent as rising temperatures force nations to retool their approach to agriculture, create new climate-resistant crops, and develop additional strategies to ensure an adequate food supply for their people. All of that could take decades, according to Rosamond Naylor, who is director of food security and the environment at Stanford. Meanwhile, people will have fewer and fewer places to turn for food when their local supplies begin to run dry. When all the signs point in the same direction, and in this case its a bad direction, you pretty much know whats going to happen, said David Battisti, the University of Washington scientist who led the study. Youre talking about hundreds of millions of additional people looking for food because they wont be able to find it where they find it now. Member of the International Panel on Climate Change agree. In their latest review of the food security issue, they point out that its not just crops: fisheries, weed control, food processing and distribution will all be affected. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

U01d2 Cost Shifting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U01d2 Cost Shifting - Essay Example There are a number of different treatments like the surgical, non – surgical cancer, organ transplants and other imaging like CT, MRI, PET scans and numerous other highly sophisticated tests which need to be considered and covered for. America’s health care system in the country is also structured in a manner which contributes to the rise on costs (Griffin, 2000). The concept of cost shifting is one of the major reasons that the costs have also gone up. Cost shifting simply implies at how the cost of care has shifted from one set of people to another group. The concept is such that if one group of people is unwilling to pay the bills, then the costs are redistributed to another set of people who can’t refuse to pay for the costs. One of the few reasons for the inclusion of cost shifting in the health care industry is the creation of Medicaid and Medicare. Shi and Singh explain that the cost shifting was included to offset costs when the charity received was used to make up for the difference. Feldstein explains that when there is a belief that cost shifting occurs, this could possibly be when the hospitals raise their prices to compensate for the patients that are lower charged (Morrisey, 1994). Feldstein also unveils that the costs have increased for two reasons, namely, an increase in the variable costs in terms of the wages and secondly, there are changes in the hospital payer mixes, i.e. an increase in the less price sensitive patients which allows the hospitals to increase the mark ups. This is viewed to be a profit for the hospital however this is a selfishly induced process and is controlled by the cost shifting. The knowledge that people have on the increase in the costs of the providers to make profits has led the industry to be impacted negatively and is also impacting the human charity as well. There is a clear sense of mis happenings within the industry where the rich are being given complete access to quality

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Australian waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Australian waste - Essay Example The most polluted sites in Australia include transport sites, roadsides, park/waterfront areas, rivers and creeks, school grounds, coastal/beach areas, as well as shops and malls. A recent trend exists that seeks to move away from burying and burning of waste in Australia towards its reuse and recycling. This shift towards sustainable development and conservation ideals with regards to waste disposal, as well as policies aimed at recycling, reusing, reduction of generation, and extraction of energy from the waste have caught on in Australia. Since the 1990s, household waste recycling has become more popular. Reasons for this trend can be explained by the presence of kerbside recycling; raising commodity prices, as well as increased levies for land fill services to prohibitive levels. However, mobile phones have introduced a new dilemma since they contain harmful products. This has necessitated novel ways of disposal. AUSTRALIAN WASTE Australia generates approximately one tonne of was te every year that is sent into a landfill. After the United States and Israel, Australia ranks as the third largest producers of landfill among developed countries. Significantly, most of this waste is resultant from goods that Australians do not even use with waste of over $10.5 billion per year occurring. This habit has begun developing in the early 20th century as ideas of convenience and hygiene gave rise to disposable products, which was justified because the consumer was assured of un-contaminated products. Buying into disposability is easy because new products are cheaper than fixing a broken one. However, this kind of disposability is a fantasy that exists because Australians do not have to see, smell, or handle their waste. This is unlike natural systems where waste is critical in the maintenance of life and, therefore, is not removed, but used as a resource for another system. While organic material in nature can decompose and be used to create something new, this is not possible for industrial objects. It, therefore, becomes important to recognize the regenerative power that waste can have. Australia’s recycling habits, however, have been improving, although there is room for improvement. The most important waste management principle, including recycling, repair, reuse, and reduce, is refuse. Australians are encouraged not to buy a lot of products to begin with since the realization of a sustainable environment also needs a reduction in consumption (O'Connor, 2007). For fourteen years, plastics make up the majority of waste collected in Australia with 31.75 of all collected waste being plastics. Miscellaneous items like cigarette butts made up 17.7% of all rubbish. Metal, especially aluminium ranked third at 14.6%, followed by glass at 13.1%, and finally paper at fifth accounting for 12.6% of all collected rubbish (Australia Bureau of Stastistics, 2007). Other material included polystyrene and rubber. These are the major sources of rubbish i n Australia. When it comes to rubbish items, cigarette butts rank first accounting for 29.6% of items surveyed. Alcoholic beverage containers made of glass were second with 5.4%. The other rubbish items in order of prevalence include confectionary and plastic chip bags, plastic bottle caps, pieces of glass, PET drink containers, metal items, especially aluminium, and paper. The most polluted sites in Australia include transport sites,

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Management, Organisations and People Module Report Essay Example for Free

Management, Organisations and People Module Report Essay Introduction: The aim of this report is to provide an explanation to ‘Mimi Vasquez Hair and Beauty’ managers’ approach to leadership and go on to explore his relationship to his work group and how they have developed over time. It will first outline the methodology used to conduct this report and then go on to introduce the managers and workers and explain how their current work roles have developed over time. Subsequently, the report will provide an explanation to ‘Mimi Vasquez Hair and Beauty’ managers’ approach to leadership and go on to explore his relationship to his work group. To conclude the report, there will be a quick summary of what has already been mentioned and some limitations of the findings, methodology and related theories used in the report. The beauty salon which was named after its manager is privately owned and located in Chiswick in West London. In addition, it has two other branches located in Ealing and Hammersmith, both also within the West London area and owned by the same manager. All three of the beauty salons are relatively small in size making satisfactory profits and located just off the high streets in quieter areas. The first branch was opened in 1999 in Chiswick and the others followed on 5 years later, the Hammersmith branch being the newest. Method This report was conducted using both primary and secondary research. The primary research was collected directly from the manager and team members by interviewing them. By so doing, the research collected was new and wasn’t research that had already existed. Secondary research was collected through the use of books, the internet and articles and hence looking at existing data. Findings and discussion Behavioural theory As the manager, Mimi Vasquez, supervises and manages the overall performance of his staff and the business. His current work role is to analyse and recommend developing strategies on how to improve the quality of their services e.g. more speed and efficiency in cutting hair and accuracy with mixing colours of hair dye. These two examples are some of Mimi’s main targets and he wishes to have met these goals by July 2011. Mimi also examines ways to achieve his business goals of maximising profits and acknowledges that compensations and rewards have worked well in the past as they motivate and encourage staff to work better: Every year he elects 2 people as the most improved and most enthusiastic team members and rewards them in the form of bonuses and HMV vouchers. His work role also involves instructing his team members and allocating them to different parts of the salon when the day gets busy Moreover, this has played a great role in the development of Mimi’s leadership within the business. Yukl (2006, p5) defines leadership as- Leadership is the process wherein an individual member of a group or organization influences the interpretation of events, the choice of objectives and strategies, the organization of work activities, the motivation of people to achieve the objectives, the maintenance of cooperative relationships, the development of skills and confidence by member, and the enlistment of support and cooperation from people outside the group or organisation. Yukl’s definition very closely matches Mimi’s approach to leadership in the sense that it emphasizes the importance of ‘people skills’ and the social influence that leadership can have. One theory to provide evidence for this is the behaviour perspective. This theory claims that people become leaders because of what they do and this can be split into two different categories: task behaviour and relationship behaviour. Task behaviour places the main focus on the degree to which a leader emphasises productivity targets, goal accomplishments and maintaining standards. These behaviours can also be called ‘production-centred’ and it can be seen in Mimi’s leadership style when he uses HMV vouchers to motivate his staff to work harder and faster. Mimi has also said that rewards gave his staff an incentive to work and this played a crucial part in keeping them happy and full of energy, even towards the end of the day. Furthermore, relationship behaviour focuses on manager’s actions that show concern for their staff and their welfare as opposed to behaviours that concentrate on completing tasks. Although this contrasts to task behaviour, this can also be seen in Mimi’s leadership approach in the sense that he aims to improve his staff’s skills and help them gain more confidence in their job role. Trait perspective The controversy in defining leadership has enabled many different theories to be developed in an attempt to explain the meaning of a leader within a business or an organisation. Bratton (2010, p363) cited that ‘individuals who occupy leadership positions possess superior qualities or attributes compared with the traits possessed by non- leaders’. This view is known as the trait perspective and its’ theories such as the ‘great man theories’ focus mostly on positive characteristics such as stamina, intelligence and fluency in speech. Research in 1974 by Stogdill showed that socioeconomic factors also played a great role for example, very few corporate leaders had fathers who held a low class position or who were paid quite poorly. Stogdill also found that intelligence and fluency in speech were very closely related to leadership and used these traits to differentiate leaders from followers. He then concluded that there were ‘specific patterns’ of traits that occurred in some people which gave them an advantage when seeking a leadership position. Shabina and Mario also described their manager to hold very positive characteristics such as friendly, talkative, enthusiastic and organised and wasn’t like the other staff members at ‘Mimi Vasquez hair and beauty’ in the sense that he was much more determined. This therefore justifies why Mimi is a leader. In addition, research into ‘substitute’s for leadership’ claim that there should be a distinct difference between the leader and the followers in a business and there should be inflexible rules and formalized areas of responsibility in order to prevent the followers from being guided by their peers and replacing their existing leader. This would occur if the followers realized that their peers had the skills equivalent to their leader and they decided to follow them instead. Keith Grint (2005) also argues that successful leadership- Is not a list of innate skills and competences, or how much charisma you have, or whether you have a vision or a strategy for achieving that vision, but whether you have a capacity to learn from your followers. This again, provides evidence against the trait perspective stating that this is not what makes an effective leader. The shared/super leadership theory The founding of Mimi’s other branches, helped him gain experience which developed his role even further as he had to identify problems, make choices and provide alternatives actions to his initial plans. His role development throughout the years has been quite significant and his responsibilities have duplicated allowing him to improve his time management and organisation. Mario and Shabina are two team members of the salon who were also interviewed. Mario is a professional hair stylist whose work role involves restyling and cutting clients’ hair, dying, permanent hair straightening, Brazilian hair blow drying etc. His work role is crucial to the business as he has qualities and skills that require a lot of training and experience in order to gain. Mario’s work role has developed over the years as his experience has allowed him to move up the ladder in regards to the styles and haircuts he can confidently perform. The number of clients he reserves on a daily basis has also increased over the past 6 years of working at the salon showing an improvement in his abilities. He is now responsible for his own clients as before he would only deal with Mimi’s clients and help around. However, he is still in a lower position to Mimi and is usually responsible for making sure that Mimi’s clients are booked in for the dates and times they requested, making sure none of the time slots clash with one another. The Shared/super leadership theory suggests that excellent leaders are those who help their followers develop by acting as their teacher rather than keeping all of their knowledge to themselves. To add, Peter Senge(1990) also stated that ‘leaders are designers, stewards and teachers’ which supports the view. Mimi has constantly trained his team members, in particularly Mario and this also adds towards the statement that Mimi is an effective leadership. Fiedler’s leadership contingency theory Shabina is the only beautician at ‘Mimi Vasquez Hair and Beauty’ and her role involves taking care of her own customers and making her own bookings as well as offering all of the services; waxing, laser hair removal, threading, massages etc. Her role doesn’t involve anything to do with hair, and she works in her own room downstairs. However, Mimi is her manager also and so it is her responsibility to follow all of his guidelines and instructions. Her role has developed over the past 3 years as she first started out as an assistant, cleaning around and helping the beautician. She then worked her way up by gaining experience and qualifications and developed her role into a full-time professional beautician. Fiedler’s leadership contingency theory proposes that the effectiveness of the leader depends on whether the leadership style is matched with the followers and the environment. It is based on 3 main assumptions: 1) leader-member relations, which relate to whether the leader receives support, respect and trust of the followers; 2) task structure, which relates to how structured the tasks performed by followers are; 3) position power, which relates to the formal authority that the leader can exert through the use of punishment and rewards. This theory can explain Mimi’s leadership style as it explains why Mimi’s leadership is effective and hence how he has been able to successfully run the business for so many years. In relation to this theory, Mimi is placed to be known as a relationship-orientated leader and so it explains that his team members have been able to develop throughout the years because of his concern for them. The situational leadership theory Mimi’s relationship to his group is fairly hierarchical where he would force influence upon others to do something that they otherwise wouldn’t. This hair and beauty business is a good example as it shows how Mario takes responsibility for making bookings for both, his and Mimi’s clients. The group itself had developed over the years as they have slowly started to work as a team, helping each other and finishing each other’s jobs off when the salon gets busy. In 1999, manager Mimi’s Vasquez’s main roles were to simply open and close the salon, receive payments for the service provided and order raw materials such as; hair dye, scissors, wax etc. Now, with the growth of the business, all of the team members in the salon have developed their roles as they have had to cover for each other and enhance coordination skills. The situational leadership model is where the leaders’ leadership style depends on the maturity of the followers; it can explain that why Mimi trusts his staff to look after his salon whilst he is in a different branch. The friendly nature of the business also allows Mimi to be less formal and more flexible with rules and procedures. Bratton (2010, p.370) states that ‘Follower maturity is determined by the ability and willingness of the followers to accept responsibility for completing their work’. The fact that each team member has their own set of responsibilities proves that their levels of maturity are very high and hence can explain why Mimi’s rules are quite flexible, according to Mario and Shabina. Conclusion The report has explored Mimi’s approach to leadership using the behavioural, trait, shared/super leadership, contingency and situational theories and it can clearly be seen that leadership is not easily defined and its effectiveness isn’t easily measured. It has also outlined the work roles of the manager as well as the team members and explained how their roles have developed. To conclude, although the report gives a sense of idea of what Mimi’s leadership approach may be, in reality it is very hard to accurately describe using only one theory. Appendix Bratton, J. (2010) Work and organisational behaviour. 2nd edn, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Grint,K.(2005) Leadership: limits and possibilities, Basingstoke: Palgrave Senge, P.M.(1990) The Fifth Discipline. New York: Currency/Doubleday Yukl, G.(2006) Leadership in organizations.6th edn, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Ubiquitous Monopoly :: Business Essays

The Ubiquitous Monopoly Monopoly is nearly always seen as something undesirable. Courts have wrestled with monopoly for ages, sometimes defining it as: "the power to control prices and exclude competition", "restraining trade", or "unfair and anti-competitive behavior." Should monopolistic practices be condemned and outlawed? Let's look at anti-competitive behavior and practices, but let's not confine ourselves to what's traditionally seen as monopoly. The marriage contract is essentially a monopoly document. It represents a legally sanctioned collusive agreement between two parties to exclude competitors and restrain trade. It closes the market to competition, or at least it is supposed to. This collusion has benefits as well as costs. Because I have exclusive rights to her affections and property rights to a stream of highly valued domestic services, I place a higher value on my spouse, making me willing to share with her a greater percentage of my wealth. My spouse receives a comparable set of benefits from this collusive arrangement. This monopolistic arrangement has a cost side and perhaps some inefficiencies as well. Neither one of us is as attentive as we were before we made our contractual arrangement. For my part, I don't open the car door for her as often, don't use breath fresheners and colognes as frequently, am not as nearly considerate and gentlemanly as before our marriage some 42 years earlier. The reason is simply that before marriage I was competing against other men and therefore could ill afford to act as a monopolist. Read the Old Testament's Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 5, where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments. The first commandment, and presumably the most important is, "Thou Shalt have none other gods before me." The second is, "Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above. . . ." Then there's, "Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God. . . ." If a corporation made a similar decree regarding its services, it would find itself in the sights of the U.S. Department of Justice for gross violations of the anti-trust provisions of the Sherman and Clayton Acts. The Ten Commandments decree exclusive dealing and mandate neither substitutes for nor competition with God. In order for one to condemn all monopolistic practices as evil, at least for consistency, he would have to also condemn marriage and the basic tenets of Christianity.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Century

The 14th century was anything but pleasant for the people living In Europe at the time. There were so many factors and conditions that ultimately helped pave the way for the Renaissance. I will focus on the key influences during this period that contributed to the development of this â€Å"rebirth†. The most significant impact that you must address right off the bat Is, the Black Death. With the plague wiping out nearly one-third of Rupee's population, this catastrophe led to many economic, political, social, ideological, and cultural changes.Before getting into details of conflicts of the middle ages, I think it is important to know that In the beginning of the 14th century the medieval warm period had ended which resulted in a â€Å"little Ice age†. The climate had gotten colder and the farmland was becoming less fertile because of soil unrest from generations using the same land. The Malthusian Crisis was a prediction that ultimately became true–the population of Europe had gotten too large and there wasn't enough available resources.Hunger and famine caused a big spike in the death rate and as things were starting looking pretty grim, then comes the plague.. The Black Death is believed to have arrived in Europe by sea in October 1347 when Genomes trading ships docked at the Sicilian port of Messing after a long journey at sea (the pathogen Yearly's Pestles supposedly carried In certain Infected rodents had transmitted the disease). People ready to greet the ships were shocked to see a bunch of dead and diseased sailors. It didn't look good whatsoever.The victims showed strange black, oozing swellings about the size of an egg or an apple In the armpits and groin, Before anyone could try and quarantine the sick, it was too ate. Merchants and marmots would help spread this deadly disease, making no one have any idea knew where it was coming from or why it was happening. It is believed that since the plague spread so quickly, the infection had to airborne which was the biggest Issue. Once the disease reached the lungs of the malnourished, It was then spread to the wider population through sneezes and coughs.The sick suffered severe pain and died quickly within five days of the first symptoms. Pneumonia plague which targeted your respiratory system would kill 95% of people within 2 says, and If you were said to have skepticism plague, your bloodstream Is directly Infected leaving you with no chance. Before you know It, graveyards throughout Europe were filling up and towns had to make mass burial pits to help rid the dead bodies. It came to the point where it was basically considered ordinary to be burying a family member quite often.All these problems along with confusion, led people to start questioning life and what they did to deserve all this. The mall question the plague had everyone asking themselves was, why are we being punished by god? Since the church was always their only answer, citizens needed a new react ion. Before the Black Death hit Europe, almost all things including elements of daily life, were under the Influence of the church. In medieval times the most Important thing was that the church had always told people right from wrong.Since the afterlife was judged more importantly than ones actual lifetime, it was considered 1 OFF salvation. A result from that were the Flagellants. Flagellants began as a militant pilgrimage for religious extremists who demonstrated their religious passion and ought self-punishment for their sins by vigorously whipping themselves in public as displays of penance. Who in their right mind would even do that? As the Black Death is taking over, the public believed it to be a punishment from God and now they have to pay.Conditions were so bad that they felt as if turning toward the church for help as they always do, was no hope. How could they find a solution when even the priests and bishops were dropping dead like flies from the plague too!? So it coul dn't be that God was mad at the general public, however more specifically mad at the church. In return, the Catholic Church lost a lot of its influence and for many people, their view of the world changed significantly.The Italian peninsula (mostly Florence at the beginning) was pretty much the center of the newer learning at the time because they had wealth, religion, and many eager people ready to stop living strictly everything by the church. Francesco Patriarch (1304-1374) lived in Avignon, which was an international community of lawyers and churchmen at the papal court, which was where he copied ancient works including Tulips Cicero (106-BOB. C. ). This rediscovery of Latin antiquity began a fascination on reviving and revitalization classical learning.Cicero ultimately led Patriarch to see in a classical philosophy, a guide to life based on experience. Patriarch's successors found and copied manuscripts including writings from Sophocles, Constantinople, and certain libraries. His use of Roman ideology attracted Giovanni Biostatic, a Florence leader during this time who adopted his ideas and even turned away from writing in the medieval tradition to the classical tradition. This all helped ignite a large focus on humanism, an alternative approach to knowledge and culture.This helped lean away from Scholasticism, which was narrow-minded insistence on traditional doctrine at the time. Scholar's most respected sources and ideas were being spread throughout Europe as a response to the standard educational program that focused only on logic and linguistics. As citizens of Florence and the surrounding areas in Italy were overcoming the Black Death, they experienced a great awakening in self-awareness. They desired to become closer to God and take pride in their humanity. Writers during this period soused on individualism and artists sought to make their artwork more realistic.The Medici and the papacy, who became the greatest patron in Rome, gained an interest in art that reflected both human and religious qualities. Painters started creating man in the image of God and helped to humanism religion, and revealed the self- worth and beauty of oneself. With all of the new learning taking place because of conditions that faced Europe in the 14th century, people's lives started to get back together. Instead of only focusing on agriculture for the main source of food, animal husbandry arose which also had a positive health impact.Since the population had plummeted, there was plenty of food and resources to go around. At this point, the public did not have to spend as much time worrying about where their next meal is coming from, but perhaps more time thinking about creative aspects in life such as painting, acting and inventing. The 1 5th century held Johannes Gutenberg to invent the printing entire world. If it weren't for the harsh realities of the 14th century, the Renaissance may have not had such a lasting impression as we know it to be.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Breast cancer and possible solution of Mammograms

Breast malignant neoplastic disease occurs when chest cells grow abnormally and uncontrollably. It is the most common malignant neoplastic disease in the UK. This is indicated in the pie chart below where chest malignant neoplastic disease histories for the highest per centum happening among adult females, that is approximately 26 % . An estimated 46 000 adult females are diagnosed every twelvemonth. [ 1 ] The two chief hazard factors for chest malignant neoplastic disease are gender – being a adult female and age – turning older. [ 2 ] In fact 8 out of 10 of the diagnosed patients are adult females above 50 old ages old. [ 1 ] 90 % of chest malignant neoplastic disease is caused by environmental factors while the staying 10 % is due to familial defect. [ 2 ] Breast malignant neoplastic disease can be treated if it is detected at an early phase, doing the patients ‘ opportunities of endurance greater. Among the symptoms of chest malignant neoplastic disease are th e presence of a ball or thickener in the chest tissue. Figure 1: Cancer occurance among adult females.A Possible Solution – MammogramIn my sentiment all adult females particularly those above the age of 50 and those with a strong household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease should travel for regular mammographic showing. A mammogram is really of import for chest malignant neoplastic disease showing and early sensing. It is an X-ray exposure of the chests where consequences are studied to observe any abnormalcies or locations of leery tissue. Harmonizing to the National Health Service ( NHS ) UK, 1 400 lives are saved because of testing. [ 4 ] There are a few differences between testing mammograms and other mammograms. Screening mammography is carried out when there is no ball or seeable marks of malignant neoplastic disease. However, if a specific ball demands to be looked at, so a diagnostic mammography is done. Here my research is based on testing mammography. [ 25 ] There is a important difference in sentiment sing how frequently adult females should travel for mammograms. The American Cancer Society ( ACS ) suggests that all adult females over 40 should travel for mammograms one time every twelvemonth while the National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) of the US advises adult females to travel every 1-2 old ages. [ 5 ] I agree with NCI as their suggestion would intend that adult females are non exposed to radiation excessively frequently. Increased exposure to radiation increases the hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease. Figure 2: Woman undergoing mammogram. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2006/06/mammoREX020606_228x179.jpg ) ( 396 words ) A mammogram is conducted on an outpatient footing and stopping points for about 30 proceedingss. [ 6 ] During the process, a qualified radiotherapist intially places merely one chest on a little level home base that has an X-ray home base under it. Above the chest there is another level home base. The machine presses the chest down between the home bases keeping the chest in place and bettering the acuteness of the image. When the chest is compressed, there is a small uncomfortableness. [ 7 ] Small explosions of radiation, something like wireless moving ridges is produced by the tubings in the machine and is passed through the chests. The image formed is recorded on photographic movie or a particular digital image entering home base. The chest is less heavy in comparing to the tumour. Therefore the chest appears in grey sunglassess on the mammography while the tumour is white and the air is black as it is the least dense. Figure 3: Breast malignant neoplastic disease tumour shown( hypertext transfer protocol: //breastcancer.about.com/od/mammograms/ig/Mammogram-Images/Breast-Tumor.htm )( 556 words ) A radiotherapist will analyze the images and look out for any marks of malignant neoplastic disease. A signed study is sent to the physician who will explicate the consequences to the adult female. When a adult female goes for this process, she is told non to have on any deodourant, pulverization or lotion in her axillas or her chest as these would look as calcium musca volitanss on the mammogram. [ 6 ] Sometimes alternatively of tumours physicians may happen cysts, calcifications and fibroadenomas on the mammograms. Calcifications are non breast malignant neoplastic disease but can be an indicant of precancer. They are little measures of Ca that appear in the soft tissue of the chest. Fibroadenomas are benign tumours made of hempen and glandular chest tissue that are removed as a precautional measure. Cysts are benign unstable – filled pouch that are non related to malignant neoplastic disease. [ 8 ] ( 693 words )EffectivenessFigure 4: Breast malignant neoplastic disease rates by phase Figure 5: Breast malignant neoplastic disease mortality rates( hypertext transfer protocol: //mole.health.state.ny.us/diseases/chronic/screening.htm )From the first graph, it is observed that the rate of early diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease had significantly improved because of the addition in the figure of adult females who underwent mammography. Consequently, the rate of late diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease decreased. The 2nd graph shows that when chest malignant neoplastic disease is detected early, there is a diminution in the mortality rate. [ 9 ] I strongly believe that naming chest malignant neoplastic disease early through mammography helps better adult females ‘s opportunities of endurance. ( 836 words ) A newspaper article by Reuters in Washington, US dated October 6th 2009 stated that a survey conducted by US research workers found that 75 % of adult females who died of chest malignant neoplastic disease ne'er had a mammogram, or were diagnosed after their first of all time mammogram. [ 22 ] Dr Blake Cady of Cambridge Hospital Breast Cancer and Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts said: â€Å" Womans who are in testing programmes have merely a 4.7 % mortality. Womans who are non screened have a 56 % mortality. †( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0644662320091006 )To further turn out mammogram effectivity, below is a drumhead from a existent life chest malignant neoplastic disease subsister. [ 10 ] Pam ‘s narrative ‘Diagnosed at 46 with chest malignant neoplastic disease, after holding skipped her mammogram for a twosome of old ages, Pam ‘s intervention involved mastectomy, radiation and chemotherapy. She wants adult females to acquire an one-year mammogram, get downing at age 40, to catch malignant neoplastic disease early and avoid extended intervention like hers. ‘( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mammographysaveslives.org/Stories.aspx? pl=stories & A ; item=1 # narratives )( 969 words )DeductionsWhile carry oning this research, I encountered one societal issue that is, non all adult females realize the importance of acquiring a mammogram. This degree of consciousness varied due to different degrees of instruction among the adult females. The graph below supports my statement. Percentage of US adult females aged 40 and older who Have Had a Mammogram in the last 2 old ages by Education Level Figure 6( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/screening.htm )Based on the graph adult females with more than a college instruction are most likely to hold had a mammogram in the last 2 old ages compared to adult females with lower degrees of instruction. [ 11 ] I think these adult females are cognizant of this of import showing tool. I besides feel at that place should be more public wellness instruction because a deficiency of information can take to misinformation. For illustration, Indian adult females with chest malignant neoplastic disease have to utilize separate utensils because of the mistaken believe that the disease is contagious. [ 24 ] ( 1133 words ) I would besides wish to turn to an economical issue refering the usage of mammograms. The American Cancer Society suggests that adult females above 40 should acquire a mammogram every twelvemonth but many adult females are forced to jump their mammograms because they merely can non afford it. Research workers at Brown University in 2002, discovered mammograms bing US $ 400 is a challenge for many adult females. [ 20 ] Despite this, conditions in the US are still non every bit bad as in some underdeveloped states as seen in quotation mark below. â€Å" The United States spends about US $ 8.1 billion to name and handle chest malignant neoplastic disease, but in the metropolis of Poona, India, place to 3.5 million adult females, merely one medical installation provides comprehensive chest malignant neoplastic disease diagnostic and intervention services. †( Masilamany J. , February 5th 2009, page 12 )Besides, adult females populating in destitute states like Kenya feel incapacitated and merely wait to decease because they can non afford to travel abroad for intervention. It is expected that by 2020, 70 % of all chest malignant neoplastic disease instances will be in hapless states. [ 24 ] This is why I think authoritiess should seek to happen a manner to guarantee all adult females get their mammograms done. ( 1325 words )Benefits and Risks of MammographyA picture by ‘NHS picks ‘ entitled â€Å" Having A Mammogram † highlights the advantages of holding a mammography as it can observe abnormalcies which are 3-4 millimetres in size. These abnormalcies are impossible to experience if a individual were to analyze her ain chests. [ 21 ] Sometimes a mammogram is more accurate than other diagnostic processs. A specific form of Ca sedimentations known to do chest malignant neoplastic disease can merely be seen clearly on a mammogram. [ 25 ] Having a mammography would non go forth any radiation in a patient ‘s organic structure. X raies usually have no side effects in the diagnostic scope. A tumour detected early is more likely to be cured. [ 6 ] Mammograms have certain defects nevertheless. Sometimes false-negatives can happen. This is when chest malignant neoplastic disease is present even though the mammograms appear normal. It happens largely in immature adult females because they have denser chests compared to older adult females whose chests are more fatty devising tumours easy seeable on mammograms. At the same clip, false-positives besides occur because radiotherapists erroneously decide the mammograms are unnatural when really there is no malignant neoplastic disease nowadays. This causes unneeded anxiousness and emphasis for the adult female. To avoid false-positives, an ultrasound and a biopsy is conducted. The doses of X ray in mammograms is really little but when it is done repeatedly it is harmful and can increase the hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease. [ 13 ] ( 1546 words )Alternate SolutionsNew ‘Breast Pap Smear ‘An article titled New ‘Breast Pap Smear ‘ was written by Duke Medicine News and Communications. This trial is presently undergoing three clinical tests countrywide in the US. It works by utilizing a really narrow acerate leaf to take cells from subdivisions of the whole chest. [ 15 ] The quotation mark below farther explains the trial. Dr Victoria Seewaldt, a scientist and chest oncologist at the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center said: â€Å" Merely as we do with a cervical pablum vilification, we can now study cells from the whole chest, analyze them under the microscope and trial for early alterations that frequently precede breast malignant neoplastic disease. Then we can give adult females a preventative agent to see if we can eliminate her unnatural cells and therefore prevent malignant neoplastic disease from developing. †( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/7450 )A specific cistron known as RAR beta controls how breast cells use vitamin A to guarantee their good wellness. Research done has shown that the cistrons in chest malignant neoplastic disease patients lose its ability to map. This ‘pap vilification ‘ trial can observe the presence or absence of this cistron. Without it, the possibility of developing malignant neoplastic disease is higher. Hence RAR beta Acts of the Apostless as a molecular marker to find the oncoming of malignant neoplastic diseas e. [ 15 ] I strongly believe that the new chest ‘pap vilification ‘ is an first-class discovery in the battle against chest malignant neoplastic disease. Once the clinical tests are deemed successful, this should be carried out on all adult females. ( 1785 words )Ultrasound ImagingUltrasound Imaging, besides known as Ultrasound Scanning provides images of the internal constructions of the chests. During an ultrasound, a doctor may utilize Doppler Techniques to measure the blood flow or deficiency of blood flow in a chest mass. At times it is possible to find the cause of the mass. Doppler ultrasound is a technique used to measure blood flow through a blood vas. Breast ultrasound maps to assist name breast abnormalcies detected during a physical scrutiny and to qualify possible abnormalcies seen on a mammogram. A chest lesion detected and classified sometimes can non be interpreted adequately through mammography entirely. An ultrasound can besides distinguish if an abnormalcy is solid or fluid-filled ( benign cyst ) or both solid and cystic. A solid may be a benign or malignant tumour. Ultrasounds show extra characteristics of the unusual countries on the chest. [ 14 ] Figure 4: A patient undergoing a chest ultrasound.( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.radiologyinfo.org/en/photocat/gallery3.cfm? image=LbreastMR-vnr-009.jpg & A ; pg=breastus & A ; pid=1, )( 1936 words )Beginning EvaluationIn my sentiment, the ‘National Health Service Choices UK ‘ web site ( nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer-of-the-breast-female ) is really comprehensive and factual. This beginning aims to give nonsubjective information and counsel to the populace on chest malignant neoplastic disease. It is approved by a clinical expert and is funded by the Department of Health. It has been certified as a dependable wellness and societal attention information beginning by The Information Standard and has to run into certain editorial policies. So I think this is a reputable beginning. I retrieved information on the importance of holding a mammogram for early diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease as stated on page 9. The undermentioned two web sites ; hypertext transf er protocol: //www.mammographysaveslives.org/Stories.aspx? pl=stories & A ; item=1 # narratives and hypertext transfer protocol: //www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm? pg=mammo # part_one besides provided the same information. An article from the Time magazine entitled The Changing Face Of Breast Cancer, volume 170 published in October 2007 is another dependable beginning. I believe this article was good researched because it has included positions from adult females across the universe. This article gives facts and figures supported by other beginnings. For illustration, the quotation mark on page 8 by Masilamany J, from the Sun newspaper can be found in this article. Besides, the information that chest malignant neoplastic disease is the most common disease among adult females is besides found in: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Most_common_cancers_-_female, _by_occurence.png ) . ( 2143 words )

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Antimetabole - Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

Antimetabole s in Rhetoric In rhetoric, a verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the words in reverse grammatical order (A-B-C, C-B-A) is called antimetabole. Pronounced as an-tee-meh-TA-bo-lee, it is essentially the same as chiasmus. The Roman rhetorician Quintilian identified antimetabole as a type of antithesis. Antimetabole comes from the Greek phrase, turning about in the opposite direction. Examples and Observations The following are excellent examples of antimetaboles used in notable literature: I can write better than anybody who can write faster, and I can write faster than anybody who can write better.(A. J. Liebling)Women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget.(Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, 1937)Stops static before static stops you.(Advertising slogan of Bounce fabric softener sheet, 1990s)We didnt land on Plymouth Rock; Plymouth Rock landed on us.(Malcolm X)Hate destroys a mans sense of values and his objectivity. It causes him to describe the beautiful as ugly and the ugly as beautiful, and to confuse the true with the false and the false with the true.(Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.)It is not how old you are, but how you are old.(Jules Renard)If a conservative is a liberal who has been mugged, a liberal is a conservative who has been indicted.(Jeffrey Rosen, The New Yorker)A government that seizes control of the economy for the good of the people, ends up seizing control of the people for t he good of the economy.(Senator Robert Dole in his acceptance speech for the Republican nomination for president, San Diego, August 1996) The Difference Between Antimetabole and Chiasmus [T]hose of us who have been granted a disproportionate ability to express ourselves may not always have the best selves to express.(Clive James, North Face of Soho, 2006)The only distinguishing feature of the antimetabole is that at least two terms from the first colon change their relative places in the second, appearing now in one order, now in reversed order. In the process of changing their syntactic position in relation to each other, these terms change their grammatical and conceptual relation as well. Thus in St. Augustines declaration of a semiotic principle[E]very sign is also a thing . . . but not every thing is also a signsign and thing switch places in propositions claiming, first, that the set of all signs is a subset of the set of all things, but, second, that the reverse conceptual relation dictated by the reverse syntax does not hold . . .. Seventeen hundred years later, a journalist used the same form to complain about the unfortunate relationship between members of his own profession and the politicians they report: Our cynicism begets their fakery and their fakery begets our cynicism . . .. In each of these examples, separated by almost two thousand years, the arguer builds on the conceptual reversal created by the syntactic and grammatical reversal.A variant of the antimetabole, to which the name chiasmus is sometimes applied, abandons the constraint of repeating the same words in the second colon yet retains a pattern of inversion . . .. Instead of repetition, this variant uses words related in some recognizable wayperhaps as synonyms or opposites or members of the same categoryand these related words change positions.(Jeanne Fahnestock, Rhetorical Figures in Science. Oxford Univ. Press, 1999) I, too, was born in the slum. But just because youre born in the slum does not mean the slum is born in you, and you can rise above it if your mind is made up.(Jesse Jackson, speech at 1984 Democratic National Convention)You have to know how to accept rejection and reject acceptance.(Ray Bradbury) The Lighter Side of Antimetabole The Sphinx: He who questions training, only trains himself in asking questions. . . . Ah yes, work well on your new costumes my friends, for when you care for what is outside, what is inside cares for you. . . . Patience, my son. To summon your power for the conflict to come, you must first have power over that which conflicts you.Mr. Furious: Okay, am I the only one who finds these sayings just a little bit formulaic? If you want to push something down, you have to pull it up. If you want to go left, you have to go right. Its . . .The Sphinx: Your temper is very quick, my friend. But until you learn to master your rage . . .Mr. Furious: . . . your rage will become your master? Thats what you were going to say. Right? Right?The Sphinx: Not necessarily.(Wes Studi and Ben Stiller in Mystery Men, 1999)

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

17 SAT Hacks to Help You Ace the Exam

17 SAT Hacks to Help You Ace the Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Standardized tests have a reputation for presenting questions in formats that are tricky and confusing. Wouldn't it be great if there was a way to get past all that and take a shortcut to the correct answer? This article provides expert SAT hacks to help you solve SAT questions that might otherwise leave you stumped! Can You Actually â€Å"Hack† the SAT? Well, yes and no. Quick tidbits of advice like the ones in this articlecan prevent you from squandering your potential and teach you how to work with the test to earn the best score possible. However, you can’t rely on shortcuts to arrive at an excellent score if you’re missing knowledge that is critical for understanding essential aspects of the test. Be warned that these SAT hacks, though helpful,are no substitute for in-depth studying, especially if you struggle with the content at a fundamental level.If you think you need prep that addresses deeper weaknesses, you should check out our complete guide on how to study for the SAT. Overall SAT Hacks Here are some tricks you can use on any part of the SAT to help you get through the section and earn the most points possible. #1: Answer Every Question (No Matter What) The SAT doesn’t have a guessing penalty, so you should fill in an answer bubble for every question even if you have no clue what the correct response is.If you find yourself with a few questions left in the section and only 30 seconds on the clock, you should provide random answers for all of them.You never know if you’ll get lucky and answer one or two correctly, and even if you don’t, your score won’t be any lower than if you had left the questions blank. #2: Be Prepared for the Format Knowing what to expect is half the battle on the SAT.When you sit down to take the test, you want everything to look familiar so you can avoid mistakes triggered by stress. At the very least, you shouldreview the timing and structure of the exambefore test day.Taking practice tests with appropriate time constraints is the best thing you can do to alleviate confusion on this front. #3: Don’t Linger on Hard Questions Getting stuck on one question for too long can do serious damage to your performance on the SAT, especially considering the fact that there are only four sections.If you have no idea how to solve a math problem or can’t seem to settle on one choice for a writing or reading question, skip it and move on.You can come back to it after you make it through the rest of the section. #4: Practice Managing Anxiety Especially if you’re hoping to earn a really high score, coming across a problem that stumps you can kill your momentum on the test.To avoid this pitfall, you need to establish coping mechanisms to deal with these moments of doubt without letting them affect your overall performance. Mindfulness techniques are a great tool to have in your arsenal. Check out this article for more tips on how to reduce test anxiety! Imagine you're not taking the SAT. Instead, you're floating on a serene lake under a beautiful blue sky. You still have to stay awake, though. Seriously, don't fall asleep. SAT Reading Hacks Here are a few more SAT hacks that are specific to the content and format of the SAT Reading section. #5: Plan a Passage Reading Strategy Don’t jump into the test without deciding how you plan to approach passages on the Reading section.Are you more comfortable with skimming, or do you like to read the questions first and then go back and reference the passage to locate the answers? Complete apractice Reading section with appropriate time constraints so you can figure out what feels most comfortable for you and makes for the fewest struggles with time management. #6: Take Advantage of Find the Evidence Questions Find the evidence questions on the SAT are a gift because they help make the correct answers to the previous questions clearer.If none of the answer choices for a find the evidence question make sense in conjunction with your answer to the previous question, this should prompt you to double-check your reasoning.These questions remind you that you need to choose answers to Reading questions based on concrete statements made in the passage.If you made any unfounded assumptions, find the evidence questions will alert you to your mistakes. #7: Engage With the Content It’s much easier to get through the Reading section if you develop an interest in what the passages have to say.You’ll also retain more information from the passage when you move onto the questions. To get yourself interested, envision a scenario in which it's absolutely critical for you to remember what the passage says so you can explain it to other people. Imagine that you'll be presenting the information in the passage to another group of students after you finish reading it. "Notice anything different about me? Teehee" Denise, I accept that love is love, but you just met the SAT Reading section a week ago. YOU'VE BEEN HURT TOO MANY TIMES. SAT Writing Hacks These hacks will give you some insight into the way Writing questions work and how you can answer them more efficiently. #8: When in Doubt, Choose the Most Concise Answer The shortest answer is often the best answer on the Writing section because good writing consists of saying what needs to be said without any unnecessary fluff.Super wordy answers are usually not the ones you want.Of course, this doesn’t hold true for every single question, but it’s a solid rule of thumb if you’re stuck. #9: NO CHANGE Answers Are Just Like Other Choices Often, NO CHANGE answers are wrongfully viewed as more likely or less likely options than other answer choices in the Writing section. In fact, they’re just as likely to be correct as any of the alternative options. Don’t be afraid to pick NO CHANGE if you’ve double checked your reasoning and determined that it’s the correct choice. #10: Get Rid of Duplicate Answers Sometimes, questions on the Writing section will have answer choices that are so similar to one another that choosing one over the other wouldn’t make any functional difference in the sentence structure. Thismeans you can get rid of two choices in one fell swoop.If they’re essentially the same answers, then neither of them is unique enough to be the correct choice.Here's an example: In this case, C and D are functionally the same answers. They both indicate that the author is about to make a statement that goes against what was said in the previous sentence or sentences. Both C and D can be eliminated (the answer is NO CHANGE for this question). Sometimes answer options are just two halves of the same bad berry. This strawberry actually looks really good though. SAT Math Hacks The SAT has two Math sections, one taken without the use of a calculator and one taken with the use of a calculator.On both of these sections, you can use the following SAT hacksto improve your performance. #: Don’t Ignore Diagrams In many cases, the test will provide a diagram to help illustrate a math problem.These diagrams exist for your benefit, so make sure you pay attention to all the information they give you.Does your answer mesh with the way the diagram looks?If you’re asked to find a dimension of a shape, make sure the relative sizes make sense. Your final answer shouldn’t seem out of whack with what the diagram is telling you. #12: Know the Formulas Although the SAT does provide important formulas at the beginning of each of the Math sections, you’ll be a much more efficient test-taker if you have the formulas memorized.It's a waste of time to keep flipping back to the beginning of the section whenever you think you need a formula to solve a problem. For studying purposes, here'sa list of all the formulas you might need for the SAT Math section. #13: Underline Your Goal To keep yourself on track in the Math section, underline the value that you need to find (and circle it in the diagram if applicable).It's frustrating to confidently solve a math problem and later realize that you had to take your calculations one step further to actually get the answer the question wanted. In many cases, the wrong answers will be answers that you might get if you didn’t complete the solution process or solved for the incorrect quantity. #14: Plug in Answers If you have no idea how to solve a math problem, one way to get around that is just toplug in the answer choicesuntil you find the correct solution.This oftentakes longer than solving aproblem with algebra, but if you have time, it can be a useful strategy. Plugs, not drugs. This is probably a t-shirt by now, right? SAT Essay Hacks The essay is optional on the SAT, but many colleges still require it. Hereare some ways you can improve the quality of your essay with minimal effort. #15: Provide a Clear Thesis The essay graders are looking for an easy way to interpret your essay and understand the points you’re making.The best way to tap into this is to write a strong thesis that falls at the end of the introductory paragraph.Reread the central claim of the passage that’s described in the prompt, and transpose it into your thesis statement. Make sure you sketch out the structure of your essay in your thesis by listing three examples of major techniques the author uses to support his or her argument. #16: Write a Good Intro and Conclusion The introductory and concluding paragraphs are extremely important because graders typically pay the most attention to these parts of your essay.The introduction gives graders a preview of the quality of the rest of the essay and the way you’ll structure your ideas.It also contains your thesis, which is the most critical sentence in the entire essay and is what ties all of your points together. #17: Write More Than One Page Try to make your essay around two pages long.The graders don’t have a specific quota for the number of words they want to see, but they expect you to provide a response that fully addresses the most important components of the author’s argument.It’s almost impossible to do this if your response only takes up one page.Consider whether you’ve really explained what’s going on in the passage, and if necessary add more evidence to make your essay complete. Also, make sure your writing is legible. If you bring a quill to the test, expect some backlash. Conclusion: How to Hack the SAT "Hacking" the SAT is possible to an extent, but you need to understand the content fairly well before you can employ most of these tips successfully. To recap, here's a list of all the SAT hacks listed in the article organized by section: Overall Answer every question Be prepared for the format Don't linger on hard questions Learn to manage anxiety Reading Develop a passage reading strategy Use find the evidence questions to your advantage Engage with the content Writing Choose the most concise answer Remember that NO CHANGE answers are no more or less common than other options Eliminate duplicate answer options Math Don't ignore the diagrams Underline your goal Know the formulas Plug in answer options Essay Provide a clear thesis Write a strong introduction and conclusion Write at least two pages If you follow all these pieces of advice and combine them with in-depth studying, you'll be well on your way to an awesome score on the SAT! What's Next? If you think you need more structured guidance in your studying for the SAT, check out our list of the best prep books released this year. Khan Academy now provides free SAT prep services. Learn more abouthow it works and how to get the most out of these resources. There are also other ways to practice for the SAT online that you may not know about. Read all about the best websites to use for SAT prep! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today: